RESUMO
Ophrys flowers mimic sex pheromones of attractive females of their pollinators and attract males, which attempt to copulate with the flower and thereby pollinate it. Virgin females and orchid flowers are known to use the same chemical compounds in order to attract males. The composition of the sex pheromone and its floral analogue, however, vary between pollinator genera. Wasp-pollinated Ophrys species attract their pollinators by using polar hydroxy acids, whereas Andrena-pollinated species use a mixture of non-polar hydrocarbons. The phylogeny of Ophrys shows that its evolution was marked by episodes of rapid diversification coinciding with shifts to different pollinator groups: from wasps to Eucera and consequently to Andrena and other bees. To gain further insights, we studied pollinator attraction in O. leochroma in the context of intra- and inter-generic pollinator shifts, radiation, and diversification in the genus Ophrys. Our model species, O. leochroma, is pollinated by Eucera kullenbergi males and lies in the phylogeny between the wasp and Andrena-pollinated species; therefore, it is a remarkable point to understand pollinator shifts. We collected surface extracts of attractive E. kullenbergi females and labellum extracts of O. leochroma and analyzed them by using gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We also performed field bioassays. Our results show that O. leochroma mimics the sex pheromone of its pollinator's female by using aldehydes, alcohols, fatty acids, and non-polar compounds (hydrocarbons). Therefore, in terms of the chemistry of pollinator attraction, Eucera-pollinated Ophrys species might represent an intermediate stage between wasp- and Andrena-pollinated orchid species.
Assuntos
Abelhas/fisiologia , Orchidaceae/química , Pólen/química , Vespas/fisiologia , Animais , Cromatografia Gasosa , Enganação , Feminino , Flores/química , Flores/metabolismo , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Masculino , Orchidaceae/classificação , Orchidaceae/metabolismo , Filogenia , Pólen/metabolismo , Atrativos Sexuais/análise , Atrativos Sexuais/químicaRESUMO
This article reflects upon the reach of the contribution from nursing in the management and development of public policies for adequate assignment of resources that facilitate better healthcare in the Colombian population.
Este artículo reflexiona acerca de los alcances de los aportes de enfermería en la gestión y desarrollo de políticas públicas para una adecuada disposición de los recursos que faciliten una mejor atención en salud a la población colombiana.
Este artigo reflexiona a respeito dos alcances dos aportes da enfermagem na gestão e desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para uma adequada disposição dos recursos que facilite um melhor atendimento na saúde à população colombiana.
