Role of thymic- and graft-dependent mechanisms in tolerance induction to rat kidney transplant by donor PBMC infusion.

We previously demonstrated the presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in lymph nodes (LNs) from rats made tolerant to a kidney allograft by donor peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) infusion. Here, we investigated the origin of Treg and characterized their phenotype and mechanisms underlying their suppressive effect. At different points after PBMC infusion, thymus, LN, and graft-infiltrating -lymphocyte's (GIL) alloreactivity was evaluated in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), coculture, and transwell experiments. GIL phenotype (by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immunohistochemistry) and cytokines mRNA expression were analyzed. Before transplantation, CD4(+) thymocytes and LN cells from donor PBMC-infused rats showed a reduced anti-donor but a normal anti-third-party proliferation. Anti-donor hyporesponsiveness was reverted by interleukin (IL)-2. CD4(+) thymocytes had no regulatory activity on a naïve MLR. Treg appeared in LN at 60 days post-transplant. CD4(+)-GIL isolated early (5 days) and late post-transplant (days 60-80) were hyporesponsive and suppressed a naïve MLR. IL-10 mRNA was upregulated in GIL and an anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody reverted their inhibitory effect. Cell-to-cell contact potentiated the suppressive activity of CD4(+)-GIL. We suppose that allograft tolerance in this model is mediated by pretransplant generation of anergic cells in the thymus, which may have a permissive role to prevent early graft disruption. The healed graft is a source of donor antigens, which led to early selection of Treg. In the late phase, tolerance is maintained by appearance of Treg in LN.

Peripheral donor leukocytes prolong survival of rat renal allografts.

BACKGROUND: The development of strategies to enhance the survival of transplanted organs and to potentially lower or even discontinue immunosuppressive therapy would represent a significant advancement in post-transplant patient care. METHODS: We studied the effect of pretransplant infusion of donor leukocytes alone or in combination with a short course of cyclosporine on the long-term outcome of a rat model of kidney allograft. RESULTS: A single intravenous infusion of donor peripheral blood leukocytes (100x10(6) cells) from Brown-Norway (BN) rats into major histocompatibility complex (MHC) incompatible Lewis recipients largely failed to prolong kidney allograft viability from the same donor transplanted 60, 40, or 30 days after cell infusion. A short course of cyclosporine (per se, unable to prolong graft survival) was started at the same day of donor leukocyte infusion, but instead was able to prolong the survival of the BN kidney transplant-performed 40 days later-but not of a Wistar Furth (WF) third party, with some animals even developing tolerance. A mixed lymphocyte reaction of host cells from long-term surviving rats to BN stimulator cells was significantly reduced as compared with controls. Donor BN DNA was detected in the peripheral blood of Lewis rats until day 40 after BN leukocyte infusion. Microchimerism persisted (60 to 70 days post-transplant) in most long-term graft recipients. Reducing the time interval between donor leukocyte infusion and subsequent kidney transplant to 10 days still prolonged graft survival. Donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but not polymorphonuclear cells, in the leukocyte preparation contributed to prolong kidney allograft survival. CONCLUSIONS: Pretransplant donor leukocyte infusion under the appropriate conditions can tip the immune balance toward improved graft acceptance. This result could be relevant to the achievement of donor-specific tolerance of the graft with the maintenance of an intact response to third-party antigens.

Mutational analysis of a higher plant antenna protein provides identification of chromophores bound into multiple sites.

The chromophore-binding properties of the higher plant light-harvesting protein CP29 have been studied by using site-directed mutagenesis of pigment-binding residues. Overexpression of the apoproteins in bacteria was followed by reconstitution in vitro with purified pigments, thus obtaining a family of mutant CP29 proteins lacking individual chromophore-binding sites. Biochemical characterization allowed identification of the eight porphyrins and two xanthophyll-binding sites. It is shown that the four porphyrin-binding sites (A1, A2, A4, and A5) situated in the central, twofold-symmetrical domain of the protein are selective for Chl-a, whereas the four peripheral sites (A3, B3, B5, and B6) have mixed Chl-a-Chl-b specificity. Within a site, porphyrin coordination by glutamine increases affinity for Chl-b as compared with glutamate. Xanthophyll site L1 is occupied by lutein, whereas site L2 can bind violaxanthin or neoxanthin. The protein is relatively stable when site L2 site is empty, suggesting that xanthophylls can be exchanged during operation of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection mechanism. Differential absorption spectroscopy allowed determination of transition energy levels for individual chromophores, thus opening the way to calculation of energy-transfer rates between Chl in higher plant antenna proteins.

The photosystem II subunit CP29 can be phosphorylated in both C3 and C4 plants as suggested by sequence analysis.

The CP29 subunit of Photosystem II is reversibly phosphorylated in Zea mays upon exposure to high light in the cold (Bergantino et al., J Biol Chem 270 (1995) 8474-8481). This phenomenon was previously proposed to be restricted to C4 plants. We present the complete sequence of the CP29 protein, deduced from a maize Lhcb4 cDNA clone, and its comparison with the previously known Lhcb4 sequences of two C3 plants: Hordeum vulgare and Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite the relatively low degree of homology in their amino-terminal region, i.e. the part of the molecule which is phosphorylated in maize, the three polypeptides conserve consensus sequences for the site of phosphorylation. We proved by immunoblotting and 33P-labelling that the same post-translational modification occurs in barley. Being thus common to C3 and C4 plant species, the phosphorylation of this minor antenna complex of Photosystem II appears now as a widespread phenomenon, possibly part of the phosphorylation cascade which signals the redox status of the plastoquinone to the nuclear transcription apparatus. Arabidopsis plants do not show phosphorylation of CP29 in the same conditions, but other low-molecular-weight phosphoproteins, whose role need to be elucidated, become evident.

Analysis of some optical properties of a native and reconstituted photosystem II antenna complex, CP29: pigment binding sites can be occupied by chlorophyll a or chlorophyll b and determine spectral forms.

The minor photosystem II antenna complex CP29(Lhcb-4) has been reconstituted in vitro with the Lhcb-4 apoprotein, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the native pigments. Modulation of the pigment composition during reconstitution yields binding products with markedly different chlorophyll a/b binding ratios even though the total number of bound chlorophylls (a plus b) remains constant at eight. A thermodynamic analysis of steady state absorption and fluorescence spectra demonstrates that all chlorophylls are energetically coupled, while the kinetics of chlorophyll photooxidation indicate that triplet chlorophyll-carotenoid coupling is also conserved during pigment binding in vitro. The influence of the chlorophyll a/b binding ratio on the absorption spectra measured at 72 and 300 K is analyzed for the Qy absorption region. Increased chlorophyll b binding leads to large increases in absorption in the 640-660 nm region, while absorption in the 675-690 nm interval decreases markedly. These changes are analyzed in terms of a Gaussian decomposition description in which the eight subbands display a temperature-dependent broadening in agreement with the weak electron-phonon coupling demonstrated for other antenna chlorophyll spectral forms. In this way, we demonstrate that increased chlorophyll b binding leads to increased absorption intensity associated with the subbands at 640, 648, 655, and 660 nm and decreased intensity for the long wavelength subbands at 678 and 684 nm. The wavelength position of all subbands is unchanged. The above data are interpreted to indicate that CP29 has eight chlorophyll binding sites, many or all of which can be occupied by either chlorophyll a or chlorophyll b according to the conditions in which pigment binding occurs. Chlorophyll b absorption is primarily associated with four subbands located at 640, 648, 655, and 660 nm. The invariance of the wavelength position of the absorption bands in recombinant products with different chlorophyll a/b binding stoichiometries is discussed in terms of the mechanism involved in the formation of spectral bands. We conclude that pigment-protein interactions dominate in the determination of spectral heterogeneity with probably only minor effects on absorption associated with pigment-pigment interactions.

Reconstitution and pigment-binding properties of recombinant CP29.

The minor light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b-binding protein CP29 (Lhcb4), overexpressed in Escherichia coli, has been reconstituted in vitro with pigments. The recombinant pigment-protein complexes show biochemical and spectral properties identical to the native CP29 purified from maize thylakoids. The xanthophyll lutein is the only carotenoid necessary for reconstitution, a finding consistent with the structural role of two lutein molecules/polypeptide suggested by the crystallographic data for the homologous protein light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b-binding protein of photosystem II (LHCII). The CP29 protein scaffold can accommodate different chromophores. This conclusion was deduced by the observation that the pigment composition of the reconstituted protein depends on the pigments present in the reconstitution mixture. Thus, in addition to a recombinant CP29 identical to the native one, two additional forms of the complex could be obtained by increasing chlorophyll b content. This finding is typical of CP29 because the major LHCII complex shows an absolute selectivity for chromophore binding [Plumley, F. G. & Schmidt, G. W. (1987) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 146-150; Paulsen, H., Rümler, U. & Rüdiger, W. (1990) Planta (Heidelb.) 181, 204-211], and it is consistent with the higher stability of CP29 during greening and in chlorophyll b mutants compared with LHCII.