Association between clustering of cardiovascular risk factors and resting heart rate in Chinese population: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies have explored the association between a single cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) and resting heart rate (RHR), but the research on the relation of multiple risk factors with RHR remains scarce. This study aimed to explore the associations between CVRFs clustering and the risk of elevated RHR. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, adults aged 35-75 years from 31 provinces were recruited by the China PEACE Million Persons Projects from September 2015 to August 2020. We focused on seven risk factors: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking, alcohol use, and low physical activity. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for elevated RHR (> 80 beats/min). RESULTS: Among 1,045,405 participants, the mean age was 55.67 ± 9.86 years, and 60.4% of participants were women. The OR (95% CI) for elevated RHR for the groups with 1, 2, 3, 4 and ≥ 5 risk factor were 1.11 (1.08-1.13), 1.36 (1.33-1.39), 1.68 (1.64-1.72), 2.01 (1.96-2.07) and 2.58 (2.50-2.67), respectively (P trend < 0.001). The association between the CVRFs clustering number and elevated RHR was much more pronounced in young males than in other age-sex subgroups. Clusters comprising more metabolic risk factors were associated with a higher risk of elevated RHR than those comprising more behavioral risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant positive association between the CVRFs clustering number and the risk of elevated RHR, particularly in young males. Compared clusters comprising more behavioral risk factors, clusters comprising more metabolic risk factors were associated with a higher risk of elevated RHR. RHR may serve as an indicator of the cumulative effect of multiple risk factors.

2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone pyridine monosolvate.

The Schiff base molecule of the title compound, C(14)H(12)N(4)O(6)·C(5)H(5)N, was obtained from the condensation reaction of 2-hy-droxy-3-meth-oxy-benzaldehyde and 2,4-dinitro-phenyl-hydrazine. The C=N bond of the Schiff base has a trans arrangement and the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 3.49 (10)°. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the Schiff base mol-ecules.

3-Eth-oxy-2-hy-droxy-benzaldehyde 2,4-di-nitro-phenylhydrazone N,N-di-methyl-formamide monosolvate.

The Schiff base of the title compound, C(15)H(14)N(4)O(6)·C(3)H(7)NO, was obtained from the condensation reaction of 3-eth-oxy-2-hy-droxy-benzaldehyde and 2,4-dinitro-phenyl-hydrazine. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 3.05 (10)° and intra-molecular N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate S(6) and S(5) ring motifs, respectively. In the crystal, the Schiff base and dimethyl-formamide solvent mol-ecules are linked by an O-H⋯O hydrogen bond.

3,6-Dibromo-9-(4-chloro-benz-yl)-9H-carbazole.

The title compound, C(19)H(12)Br(2)ClN, was synthesized by N-alkyl-ation of 1-chloro-4-(chloro-meth-yl)benzene with 3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole. The carbazole ring system is essentially planar (mean deviation of 0.028 Å) and makes a dihedral angle of 74.6 (3)° with the plane of the benzene ring.

3,6-Dibromo-9-(4-bromo-benz-yl)-9H-carbazole.

The title compound, C(19)H(12)Br(3)N, was synthesized by N-alkyl-ation of 1-bromo-4-(bromo-meth-yl)benzene with 3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole. There are two unique mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. The carbazole ring system is essentially planar, with a mean deviation of 0.0402 Šfor one mol-ecule and 0.0279 Šfor the other. The carbazole planes are inclined to the benzene ring planes at dihedral angles of 58.3 (3) and 71.1 (3)° in the two mol-ecules.

3,6-Dibromo-9-(4-tert-butyl-benz-yl)-9H-carbazole.

In the title compound, C(23)H(21)Br(2)N, which was synthesized by the N-alkyl-ation of 1-tert-butyl-4-(chloro-meth-yl)benzene with 3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole, the asymmetric unit contains two unique mol-ecules. Each carbazole ring system is essentially planar, with mean deviations of 0.0077 and 0.0089 Šfor the two mol-ecules. The carbazole planes make dihedral angles of 78.9 (2) and 81.8 (2)° with the planes of the respective benzene rings.