RESUMO
A photoredox-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective trifluoroethylation reaction of enamides using commercially available 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl iodide as trifluoroethylating agents has been developed, furnishing geometrically defined and synthetically and physiochemically pivotal ß-trifluoroethylated enamides bearing a diverse range of functional groups.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation of the inner diameter parameters of the spermatic vein in different positions and states of the varicocele (VC) patient with the results of seminal examination. METHODS: A total of 149 VC patients underwent ultrasonography, routine semen examination, and sperm morphological analysis. The parameters obtained from ultrasonography included the bilateral testis volume in a supine position, the largest spermatic vein diameter in a supine position at rest (DSR), the largest spermatic vein diameter in a supine position following Valsalva manoeuvre (DSV), the largest spermatic vein diameter in an upright position at rest (DUR), and the largest spermatic vein diameter in an upright position following Valsalva manoeuvre (DUV). Then we calculated the parameters â³DS=DSVï¼DSR, â³DU=DUVï¼DUR, â³DR=DURï¼DSR, and â³DV=DUVï¼DSV and analyzed the correlation of the above parameters with the results of semen examination using the ROC curve. RESULTS: Based on the results of semen examination, 119 (79.87%) of the patients were allocated to the abnormal group and the other 30 (20.13%) to the normal group. Statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in â³DU (P=0.007), â³DR (P=0.0001), and â³DV (P=0.04), but not in DSR (P=0.35), DSV (P=0.34), DUR (P=0.06), DUV (P=0.12), and â³DS (P=0.64), nor in the volume of the testis affected (P=0.323). The area under the ROC curve was 0.55 for DSR, 0.57 for DSV, 0.64 for DUR, 0.62 for DUV, 0.49 for â³DS, 0.28 for â³DU, 0.86 for â³DR, and 0.69 for â³DV. The corresponding cutoff values were 2.25, 2.51, 2.48, 2.63, 0.30, 0.23, 0.25, and 0.20, the corresponding sensitivities of semen detection were 50.42%, 65.55%, 60.50%, 60.50%, 49.90%, 29.41%, 79.83%, and 65.55%, and the corresponding specificities were 56.67%, 63.33%, 63.33%, 63.33%, 56.67%, 33.33%, 80%, and 63.33%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The difference between the largest spermatic vein diameters in supine and upright positions at rest provides a high diagnostic accuracy for semen detection and helps to predict abnormality in seminal examination for VC patients.
