The representation of medical risks and incentives concerning egg donation: an analysis of the websites of fertility clinics of Belgium, Spain and the UK.

Considering the growing demand for egg donation (ED) and the scarcity of women coming forward as donors to meet this demand, scholars have expressed concerns that clinics may (initially) misrepresent risks to recruit more donors. Additionally, (non-)monetary incentives might be used to try to influence potential donors, which may pressure these women or cause them to dismiss their concerns. Since the internet is often the first source of information and first impressions influence individuals' choices, we examined the websites of fertility clinics to explore how they present medical risks, incentives and emotional appeals. Content Analysis and Frame Analysis were used to analyze a sample of Belgian, Spanish and UK clinic websites. The data show that the websites mainly focus on extreme and dangerous risks and side effects (e.g. severe OHSS) even though it is highly relevant for donors to be informed about less severe but more frequently occurring risks and side effects (e.g. bloating), since those influence donors' daily functioning. The altruistic narrative of ED in Europe was dominant in the data, although some (hidden) financial incentives were found on Spanish and UK websites. Nonetheless, all information about financial incentives still were presented subtly or in combination with altruistic incentives.

A qualitative study of the impact of endometriosis on male partners.

STUDY QUESTION: What is the impact of endometriosis on male partners of women with the condition? SUMMARY ANSWER: Endometriosis significantly impacts men across several life domains and can negatively impact emotional well-being. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Endometriosis has been shown to negatively impact women's quality of life and may strain intimate relationships. Little is known about the impact on male partners. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: The ENDOPART study was a cross-sectional, qualitative study of 22 women with endometriosis and their male partners (n = 44) in the UK (2012-2013). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Inclusion criteria: laparoscopic diagnosis of endometriosis; the presence of symptoms for at least a year; partners living together. Data were collected via face to face, semi structured interviews with partners interviewed separately. Data were analysed thematically, assisted by NVivo 10. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Men reported that endometriosis affected many life domains including sex and intimacy, planning for and having children, working lives and household income. It also required them to take on additional support tasks and roles. Endometriosis also had an impact on men's emotions, with responses including helplessness, frustration, worry and anger. The absence of professional or wider societal recognition of the impact on male partners, and a lack of support available to men, results in male partners having a marginalized status in endometriosis care. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION: Self-selection of participants may have resulted in a sample representing those with more severe symptoms. Couples included are in effect 'survivors' in relationship terms, therefore, findings may underestimate the contribution of endometriosis to relationship breakdown. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The study extends knowledge about the impact of endometriosis on relationships, which thus far has been drawn largely from studies with women, by providing new insights about how this condition affects male partners. Healthcare practitioners need to take a more couple-centred, biopsychosocial approach toward the treatment of endometriosis, inclusive of partners and relationship issues. The findings demonstrate a need for information and support resources aimed at partners and couples. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This study was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (reference ES/J003662/1). The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Crossing borders for fertility treatment: motivations, destinations and outcomes of UK fertility travellers.

BACKGROUND: There are few systematic studies of the incidence of cross-border fertility care and even fewer reports of qualitative research with those undertaking treatment outside their country of origin. This paper reports findings from a qualitative study of UK residents with experience of cross-border care: the socio-demographic characteristics of UK travellers; their reasons for seeking treatment abroad; the treatments they sought; the destinations they chose and the outcomes of their treatment. METHODS: Data regarding cross-border fertility treatment were collected from a purposive sample of 51 people by means of in-depth, semi-structured interviews between May 2009 and June 2010. Data were analysed using a systematic thematic coding method and also subjected to quantitative translation. RESULTS: Patient motivations for travelling abroad are complex. A desire for timely and affordable treatment with donor gametes was evident in a high number of cases (71%). However, most people gave several reasons, including: the cost of UK treatment; higher success rates abroad; treatment in a less stressful environment and dissatisfaction with UK treatment. People travelled to 13 different countries, the most popular being Spain and the Czech Republic. Most organized their own treatment and travel. The mean age of women seeking treatment was 38.8 years (range 29-46 years) and the multiple pregnancy rate was 19%. CONCLUSIONS: UK residents have diverse reasons for, and approaches to, seeking overseas treatment and do not conform to media stereotypes. Further research is needed to explore implications of cross-border treatment for donors, offspring and healthcare systems.

Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival in cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND: Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) improves survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and dispatcher-delivered instruction in CPR can increase the proportion of arrest victims who receive bystander CPR before emergency medical service (EMS) arrival. However, little is known about the survival effectiveness of dispatcher-delivered telephone CPR instruction. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated a population-based cohort of EMS-attended adult cardiac arrests (n=7265) from 1983 through 2000 in King County, Washington, to assess the association between survival to hospital discharge and 3 distinct CPR groups: no bystander CPR before EMS arrival (no bystander CPR), bystander CPR before EMS arrival requiring dispatcher instruction (dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR), and bystander CPR before EMS arrival not requiring dispatcher instruction (bystander CPR without dispatcher assistance). In this cohort, 44.1% received no bystander CPR before EMS arrival, 25.7% received dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR, and 30.2% received bystander CPR without dispatcher assistance. Overall survival was 15.3%. Using no bystander CPR as the reference group, the multivariate adjusted odds ratio of survival was 1.45 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21, 1.73) for dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR and 1.69 (95% CI, 1.42, 2.01) for bystander CPR without dispatcher assistance. CONCLUSION: Dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR seems to increase survival in cardiac arrest.

Emergency medical services telephone referral program: an alternative approach to nonurgent 911 calls.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of transferring nonurgent 911 calls to a telephone consulting nurse. It was hypothesized that the telephone referral program would result in fewer basic life support (BLS) responses with no adverse patient outcome or decrease in patient satisfaction. METHODS: A two-phased prospective study was conducted in an urban and rural setting with a population of 650,000. During phase I, a BLS unit was dispatched on all calls and a nurse intervention was simulated. During phase II, no BLS unit was dispatched for calls meeting study criteria. Callers were transferred to the nurse, and consulting nurse protocols were used to direct care. Data were collected from dispatch, BLS, nurse, and hospital records and patient self-assessment. RESULTS: During phase I, 38 callers were transferred to the consulting nurse with no nurse intervention. During phase II, 133 cases were transferred to the nurse line. There were no adverse outcomes detected. The nurse recommended home care for 31%, physician referral for 24%, referral back to 911 for 17%, community resource for 11%, and other referral for 17%. Nurses contacted 85 patients for telephone follow-up. Ninety-four percent of the patients reported feeling better, 6% felt the same, and none felt worse. Patients were satisfied with the outcome in 96% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Transferring 911 calls to a nurse line resulted in fewer BLS responses and no adverse patient outcomes, while maintaining high patient satisfaction. Dispatch criteria correctly identified cases with minimal medical needs. A high percentage of the patients reported feeling better after the intervention. This study has major implications for communities interested in efficient use of emergency medical services resources.

The partial nontandem duplication of the MLL (ALL1) gene is a novel rearrangement that generates three distinct fusion transcripts in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

A partial nontandem duplication (PNTD) of mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene is described in B-cell acute lymphoid leukemia without structural cytogenetic abnormalities at 11q23 and 9p22. A duplicated portion of MLL is interrupted by the insertion of a region of 9p22 that includes the 3'-end of the AF9 gene. The PNTD encodes: (a) a PNTD transcript; (b) a partial tandem duplication of MLL; and (c) a chimeric transcript fusing MLL to the 3'-end of AF9, mimicking the t(9;11)(p22;q23) and expressed 1024-fold higher than the other two. The MLL PNTD, therefore, contributes toward leukemogenesis through simultaneous production of fusion transcripts that are otherwise encoded by three distinct genetic defects.

Equal opportunities policies and nursing employment within the British National Health Service.

AIMS: The National Health Service (NHS) is the largest employer in Western Europe and the largest employer of minority ethnic workers in Britain. This paper is concerned primarily with an examination of the experiences of nurses from minority ethnic groups. BACKGROUND: Recent research evidence suggests that many minority ethnic nurses face racial harassment from patients and colleagues and that there are continuing problems in recruitment and promotion. The Macpherson Report on the enquiry into the murder of black teenager Stephen Lawrence has stimulated a wide ranging discussion of institutional racism throughout the public sector in the UK, including the NHS. DISCUSSION: This paper discusses the continuing failure of equal opportunities policies to have a sustained impact on the experiences of minority ethnic nurses and discusses a number of reasons for the lack of progress of such policies. It examines the reasons why health care organizations might adopt equal opportunities policies and the pragmatic reasons why implementation has been both slow and patchy. It goes on to consider the concepts of managing diversity and ethnic managerialism as new tools to theorize equal opportunities and considers some of the continuing problems inherent in current strategies.

Parenting by people with learning disabilities: the educational needs of the community nurse.

This article discusses some of the findings of a research project which was designed to examine the role of community learning disability nurses in supporting people with learning disabilities who become parents. The need for information and help with the experience of pregnancy, childbirth, becoming parents and bringing up children has been highlighted in a recently issued guide for commissioning and providing services for people with learning disabilities (NHS Executive 1998). This research, however, indicates that nurses do not feel themselves to be adequately prepared for their role in supporting parenting. Responses from a questionnaire survey of 266 practitioners revealed little coverage of key issues relating to parenting on either pre-registration or post-basic courses and suggests, therefore, that some courses may not be meeting the perceived needs of these nurses in this crucial aspect of their role. This is likely to have significant consequences for this client group and suggests that educationalists need to consider ways of including more extensive discussion of parenting in educational provision for the multiplicity of professional groups who support and care for adults with learning disabilities.

Localization of FCGR1 encoding Fcgamma receptor class I in primates: molecular evidence for two pericentric inversions during the evolution of human chromosome 1.

The human high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin G, FcgammaRI (FCGR1), is encoded by a family of three genes that share over 95% sequence homology. Curiously, the three genes in this recently duplicated gene family flank the centromere of human chromosome 1, with FCGR1B located at 1p12 and both FCGR1A and FCGR1C located at 1q21. We have previously speculated that a pericentric inversion could account for the separation of the genes in the FCGR1 family and explain their current chromosomal location. Here we present evidence, obtained through fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, that in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and baboon (Papio papio) FCGR1 is located adjacent to the centromere on the chromosomal arm with greatest homology to human 1p, whereas in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) it is located adjacent to the centromere on the chromosomal arm with greatest homology to human 1q. The separation of the FCGR1 gene family in humans suggests that the location of a second pericentric inversion, known to distinguish the human from the chimpanzee chromosome 1, is within the FCGR1 gene family. This finding refines the assignment of homology between the human and chimpanzee chromosomes 1.

A critique of multiculturalism in heath care: the challenge for nurse education.

This paper is concerned with the way in which discussions of the health status of people from minority ethnic groups and the delivery of health care to such groups has been constructed, in the nursing literature in particular, within a culturalist framework which has many serious drawbacks. The paper reviews the argument for a 'multicultural' approach to health care and also discusses some of the main implications of this analysis for the education of health professionals. It suggests that health workers and those responsible for the education of such workers, need to reassess learning needs in the light of a critique of the effects of an analysis based on 'cultural pluralism' and 'ethnic sensitivity'. The paper suggests ways in which the nursing curriculum must be broadened to take into account the limitations of a culturalist approach and to debate the interplay of racism and other structures of inequality and their influence on health and on a service delivery.

Increasing the efficiency of emergency medical services by using criteria based dispatch.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine whether criteria based dispatch (CBD) improved the efficiency of the emergency medical services system. DESIGN: A before and after design was used to measure effects of CBD. Data were reviewed from medical reports from January 1986 through June 1992. SETTING: King County, Washington, excluding the city of Seattle. PARTICIPANTS: Residents who called 911 to report a medical emergency. INTERVENTIONS: Emergency medical dispatching (EMD), basic life support (BLS), and advanced life support (ALS). RESULTS: Findings show a decrease in ALS responses for two tracer conditions that medical control physicians determined not require ALS intervention. The percentage of febrile seizures in which paramedics responded decreased from 41% to 21% (P < .001). The percentage of cerebrovascular accidents in which paramedics responded decreased from 41% to 28% (P < .001). CBD led to a decrease, from 4.7% to 3.8% (P < .001), in frequency of requests by BLS units for dispatch of ALS units. There was no increase in the time required to dispatch each call. CONCLUSION: CBD increased the efficiency of the EMS system by significantly reducing ALS responses to incidents not requiring ALS intervention and reducing requests by BLS units for dispatch of ALS units while maintaining a consistent time from receipt of call to dispatch.

Accuracy of determining cardiac arrest by emergency medical dispatchers.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To identify and determine the rates of delivery and performance of telephone CPR in noncardiac arrest incidents. DESIGN: We studied prospectively all out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and potential cardiac arrest incidents from July 1 through October 31, 1992. SETTING: King County, Washington, excluding the city of Seattle. PARTICIPANTS: Persons with cardiac arrest or an initial complaint resembling cardiac arrest who received emergency medical services. INTERVENTIONS: Dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-eight incidents of cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and potential cardiac arrest were reviewed. Telephone CPR was offered appropriately in 61 of 87 cases (70%) and inappropriately in eight of 154 potential cardiac arrests (5.2%) (95% confidence interval, 1.7%, 8.7%). Ventilation instructions were performed appropriately in 52 of 87 cases (60%) and inappropriately in three of 154 potential cardiac arrests (1.9%) (95% confidence interval, 0%, 4.1%). Chest compressions were performed appropriately in 26 of 68 cardiac arrests (38.2%) and inappropriately in two of 173 potential cardiac arrests (1.2%) (95% confidence interval, 0%, 2.8%). CONCLUSION: We found a low rate of performance of telephone CPR in King County for incidents resembling cardiac arrest. This finding suggests that the protocols designed for dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR effectively screen out those incidents that may initially resemble cardiac arrest.

Incidence of agonal respirations in sudden cardiac arrest.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To discover the frequency of agonal respirations in cardiac arrest calls, the ways callers describe them, and discharge rates associated with agonal respirations. DESIGN: We reviewed taped recordings of calls reporting cardiac arrests and emergency medical technician and paramedic incident reports for 1991. Arrests after arrival of emergency medical services were excluded. SETTING: King County, Washington, excluding the city of Seattle. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred forty-five persons with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests receiving emergency medical services. INTERVENTIONS: Telephone CPR, emergency medical technicians-defibrillation, and advanced life support by paramedics. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Any attempts at breathing described by callers were identified, as well as whether agonal respirations could be heard by dispatcher, emergency medical technicians, or paramedics. Agonal respirations occurred in 40% of 445 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Callers described agonal breathing in a variety of ways. Agonal respirations were present in 46% of arrests caused by cardiac etiology compared with 32% in other etiologies (P < .01). Fifty-five percent of witnessed arrests had agonal activity compared with 16% of unwitnessed arrests (P < .001). Agonal respirations occurred in 56% of arrests with a rhythm of ventricular fibrillation compared with 34% of cases with a nonventricular fibrillation rhythm (P < .001). Twenty-seven percent of patients with agonal respirations were discharged alive compared with 9% without them (P < .001). CONCLUSION: There is a high incidence of agonal activity associated with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Presence of agonal respirations is associated with increased survival. These findings have implications for public CPR training programs and emergency dispatcher telephone CPR programs.

Dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR: common delays and time standards for delivery.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of bystander CPR before and after implementation of a telephone CPR program in King County; to determine the reasons for dispatcher delays in identifying patients in cardiac arrest in delivering CPR instructions over the telephone; and to suggest time standards for delivery of the telephone CPR message. DESIGN: An ongoing cardiac arrest surveillance system to calculate the annual bystander CPR rates from 1976 through 1988. Two hundred sixty-seven taped recordings of calls reporting cardiac arrests to nine emergency dispatch centers during 1988 were reviewed and timed. SETTING: King County, Washington, excluding the city of Seattle. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred sixty-seven persons with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests receiving emergency medical services. Arrests in doctors' offices, clinics, or nursing homes were excluded. INTERVENTIONS: Dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The rate of bystander CPR increased from 32% (1976 through 1981) to 54% (1982 through 1988) after implementation of the dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR program, although an increase in survival could not be demonstrated. The median time for dispatchers to identify the problem was 75 seconds; to deliver the early protocols, 19 seconds; to deliver the ventilation instructions, 25 seconds; and to deliver compression instructions, 30 seconds. The total time to deliver the entire CPR message was 2.3 minutes. The most frequent cause for delay was unnecessary questions (57%) with questions about patient age asked most frequently (32%). Other causes included the caller not being near the patient (29%) and deviations from protocol (22%). CONCLUSION: In a metropolitan emergency medical services system, a dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR program was associated with an increase in bystander CPR. Delays in proper delivery of telephone CPR can be minimized through training.