RESUMO
Visceral Leishmaniasis is an endemic infection in Portugal, as well as in other Mediterranean basin countries, where it has become a frequent complication of HIV infection. There are several studies published about Leishmania/HIV co-infection, however some particularities of its epidemiology, pathogenesis and especially of its treatment and prophylaxis remain unclear and undefined. The authors review some aspects of this co-infection, particularly epidemiology, clinical classic manifestations and laboratory features, diagnosis, treatment, prophylaxis and prevention and report the casuistic of the Infectious Diseases Department of the University Hospital of Coimbra during the last ten years (1996-2006) in the HAART (<
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Leishmaniose Visceral , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/parasitologia , Adulto , Idoso , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Leishmaniose Visceral/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Portugal , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Adenosine deaminase is an enzyme that actively participates in the metabolism of the adenine nucleotides. It catalyzes the irreversible hydrolytic deamination of deoxyadenosine and adenosine with the production of deoxyinosine and inosine respectively and of ammonia. This enzyme thus plays an important role in lympho-monocyte maturation and activation. The increase in its activity in different biological fluids (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, intra-articular and cerebrospinal fluids) has been used as a rapid diagnostic test in tuberculosis infection. In human immunodeficiency virus infection, it was verified that enzymatic activity progressively increases in serum and blood cells, accompanying the natural evolution of the disease. The physiopathological mechanism has not been definitely established but the CD4+ lymphocytes and macrophages are pointed to as being accountable for the enzyme's increase in activity. For this reason, adenosine deaminase could be a marker of the cellular immune response. The study of adenosine deaminase activity in blood cells elucidated the diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency (due to a congenital lack of the enzyme) in 30 to 50% of the cases. One type of congenital hemolytic anemia is due to an exaggerated enzymatic activity in red blood cells.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase , Adenosina Desaminase/análise , Adenosina Desaminase/fisiologia , Ensaios Enzimáticos ClínicosRESUMO
In an attempt to improve the post-mortem diagnosis of Chagas's disease the authors performed haemagglutination tests (HAT), fluorescent Trypanosoma cruzi antibody tests (FAT), and complement fixation tests (CFT) on the pericardial fluid obtained at autopsy of 50 individuals with Chagas's heart disease, and 93 patients in whom this disease was not thought to be present. The results demonstrate that all three tests are efficient for the post-mortem diagnosis of Chagas's disease but suggest that their combined use would detect more cases than would one isolated reaction only.