Adoption and diffusion of marine litter clean-up technologies across European seas: Legal, institutional and financial drivers and barriers.

This study reviews existing legal, institutional and policy tools and frameworks, relevant to the introduction and adoption of new marine litter clean-up technologies in two regional European seas, the Mediterranean and the Baltic. A combination of desk studies in six countries bordering the Baltic (Estonia, Germany, Sweden) and the Mediterranean (Greece, Italy, Tunisia), and interviews with experts and stakeholders, is used to identify key drivers and barriers to the adoption and diffusion of marine litter technologies. The main conclusion of the study is that the most influential pieces of legislation relevant to marine litter management are top-down EU policies, often forming the basis of regional and national plans. Moreover, the study finds that several drivers of marine litter technologies may at the same time be critical barriers. These factors include public awareness, consumer behaviour, enforcement of legislation, and the rise of SMEs engaged in recycling and eco-labelling of marine litter.

Identificação molecular e suscetibilidade antifúngica de Candida parapsilosis isoladas no Ceará, Brasil / Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of Candida parapsilosis isolates in Ceará, Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: Candida parapsilosis é a segunda ou terceira levedura mais isolada de hemoculturas em várias partes do mundo. É um patógeno comumente isolado no Brasil e no Ceará. Apresenta capacidade de formar biofilmes em cateteres e outros dispositivos médicos e esses fatores contribuem para a disseminação dessa levedura. OBJETIVOS: Identificar e avaliar a suscetibilidade aos antifúngicos de C. parapsilosis isoladas de amostras de sangue e urina de pacientes atendidos em hospitais no Ceará. MÉTODOS: Foram isoladas e identificadas 57 cepas de C. parapsilosis. As cepas foram identificadas por testes fenotípicos e moleculares. A suscetibilidade foi avaliada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo (protocolo do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] M27-A3). Foram avaliados cinco antifúngicos (anfotericina B, caspofungina, fluconazol, itraconazol e voriconazol). RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: As cepas foram identificadas como C. parapsilosis por testes fenotípicos e confirmadas pelos testes moleculares. Quanto ao perfil de sensibilidade, elas se mostraram sensíveis aos antifúngicos testados, sendo a resistência ainda um fenômeno raro entre cepas de C. parapsilosis isoladas no Ceará.

INTRODUCTION: C. parapsilosis is the second or third most isolated yeast from blood cultures in various parts of the world. It is a commonly isolated pathogen in Brazil and Ceará. C. parapsilosis is liable to form biofilms on catheters and other medical devices, which contributes to the spread of this yeast. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify and assess the antifungal susceptibility of C. parapsilosis isolates from blood and urine samples collected from patients in hospitals in Ceará. METHODS: We isolated and identified 57 strains of C. parapsilosis. The strains were identified by phenotypic and molecular tests. The susceptibility to antifungals was assessed by broth microdilution (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] protocol M27A3). We tested five antifungals (amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The strains were identified as C. parapsilosis by phenotypic tests and confirmed by molecular tests. As to the sensitivity profile, the strains were sensitive to the antifungal agents, hence resistance is still a rare phenomenon among C. parapsilosis isolates in Ceará.