The anatomy and functional morphology of Diplodon rhombeus fontainianus (Orbigny, 1835) (Mollusca Bivalvia, Hyriidae) / Anatomia funcional e morfologia de Diplodon rhombeus fontainianus (Orbigny, 1835) (Bivalvia: Hyriidae)

Diplodon rhombeus fontainianus (Orbigny, 1835), belongs to the family Hyriidae Swainson 1840, the distribution of which is restricted to South America and Australasia. This species, endemic to Brazil, occurs in the central-southern geographical region, Upper Paraná Basin and Atlantic Microbasins Espirito Santo to Paraná states. The mollusk lives buried in muddy substrata, has similar sized adductor muscles, and is dioecious, lacking sexual dimorphism. The apertures are simple (type AII of Yonge, 1948, 1957) as in Diplodon rotundus gratus, Castalia undosa martensi, Castalia undosa undosa and mantle fusion is present only in the base of the exalant aperture. The inhalant aperture exhibits tentacles originating from the inner fold while the exhalant aperture has no tentacles. The ctenidia are type D (of Atkins, 1937). A well-developed marsupium is present in the inner demibranch. The association between the ctenidia and the labial palps belongs to category I (of Stasek, 1963). The stomach constitutes a type IV structure (of Purchon, 1958). The posterior sorting area (psa) presents two pouches in Diplodon rhombeus fontainianus. Among the Hyriidae, the presence of these pouches has also been described in several species of Hyriidae from South America. The organization of the gut in the visceral mass follows the same pattern seen in the Hyriidae already studied: Castalia undosa martensi, Castalia undosa undosa, Diplodon.rotundus gratus,Diplodon charruanus and Diplodon pilsbryi.

Diplodon rhombeus fontainianus (Orbigny, 1835) pertence à família Hyriidae Swainson 1840, cuja distribuição restringe-se à América do Sul e Austrália. A espécie, endêmica no Brasil, ocorre na região Centro Sul, na bacia superior do Paraná e microbacias da costa atlântica do Estado do Espírito Santo até o Estado do Paraná. Os moluscos vivem enterrados em substratos lodosos, têm os músculos adutores aproximadamente do mesmo tamanho, são dióicos faltando dimorfismo sexual. As aberturas são simples, tipo AII de Yonge (1948, 1957) semelhantes a Diplodon rotundus gratus, Castalia undosa martensi, Castalia undosa undosa e a fusão do manto ocorre apenas na dobra interna na base da abertura exalante. A abertura inalante exibe tentáculos de origem da dobra interna e a exalante não possui tentáculos. Os ctenídios são do tipo D (de Atkins, 1937). O marsúpio, presente na demibrânquia interna, é bem desenvolvido. O estômago pertence ao tipo IV (de Purchon, 1958). A área de triagem posterior (psa) em Diplodon rhombeus fontainianus é caracterizada pela presença de duas bolsas. Entre os Hyriidae, estas bolsas foram descritas em várias espécies presente na América do Sul. A organização do intestino na massa visceral segue o mesmo padrão visto em Hyriidae já estudados tais como: Castalia undosa martensi, Diplodon delodontus wimanii,Diplodon rotundus gratus, Castalia undosa martensi, Diplodon charruanus, Diplodon pilsbryi e Castalia undosa undosa.

[The relationship between payment for childbirth care and prevalence of cesarean sections in maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro: a review of Carlos Gentile de Mello's hypothesis] / Associação entre a remuneração da assistência ao parto e a prevalência de cesariana em maternidades do Rio de Janeiro: uma revisão da hipótese de Carlos Gentile de Mello.

The purpose of this study was to compare prevalence of cesarean sections in nine private maternity hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1968 and 1993, seeking to correlate the form of payment with prevalence of cesareans. We analyzed 3,413 deliveries in 1968 in nine maternity hospitals, at a time when a form of payment called "per service unit" was used. Twenty-five years later, these same maternity hospitals were reanalyzed, with a total of 11,065 births. These data were from Gentile de Mello (1968) and the Report from the Information System on Live Births, by the Rio de janeiro Municipal Health Secretariat. We performed a statistical analysis on the proportion of cesareans comparing the two years and observed a statistically significant increase in their prevalence in 1993 as compared to 1968, although payment was nearly equal for childbirth care in the two years. The elimination of the "per service unit" payment system and the implementation of equal payment for transvaginal and cesarean deliveries proved insufficient to decrease the prevalence of cesareans. We suggest that form of payment alone does not determine the high prevalence of cesarean sections, and that other variables are impacting this phenomenon.