Kidney dosimetry in [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE therapy based on multiple small VOIs.

PURPOSE: The aim was to investigate the use of multiple small VOIs for kidney dosimetry in [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE therapy. METHOD: The study was based on patient and simulated SPECT images in anthropomorphic geometries. Images were reconstructed using two reconstruction programs (local LundaDose and commercial Hermia) using OS-EM with and without resolution recovery (RR). Five small VOIs were placed to determine the average activity concentration (AC) in each kidney. The study consisted of three steps: (i) determination of the number of iterations for AC convergence based on simulated images; (ii) determination of recovery-coefficients (RCs) for 2 mL VOIs using a separate set of simulated images; (iii) assessment of operator variability in AC estimates for simulated and patient images. Five operators placed the VOIs, using for guidance: a) SPECT/CT with RR, b) SPECT/CT without RR, and c) CT only. For simulated images, time-integrated ACs (TIACs) were evaluated. For patient images, estimated ACs were compared with results of a previous method based on whole-kidney VOIs. RESULTS: Eight iterations and ten subsets were sufficient for both programs and reconstruction settings. Mean RCs (mean ± SD) with RR were 1.03 ± 0.02 (LundaDose) and 1.10 ± 0.03 (Hermia), and without RR 0.91 ± 0.03 (LundaDose) and 0.94 ± 0.03 (Hermia). Most stable and accurate estimates of the AC were obtained using five 2-mL VOIs guided by SPECT/CT with RR, applying them to images without RR, and including an explicit RC for recovery correction. CONCLUSION: The small VOI method based on five 2-mL VOIs was found efficient and sufficiently accurate for kidney dosimetry in [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE therapy.

3D printed non-uniform anthropomorphic phantoms for quantitative SPECT.

BACKGROUND: A 3D printing grid-based method was developed to construct anthropomorphic phantoms with non-uniform activity distributions, to be used for evaluation of quantitative SPECT images. The aims were to characterize the grid-based method and to evaluate its capability to provide realistically shaped phantoms with non-uniform activity distributions. METHODS: Characterization of the grid structures was performed by printing grid-filled spheres. Evaluation was performed by micro-CT imaging to investigate the printing accuracy and by studying the modulation contrast ([Formula: see text]) in SPECT images for 177Lu and 99mTc as a function of the grid fillable-volume fraction (FVF) determined from weighing. The grid-based technique was applied for the construction of two kidney phantoms and two thyroid phantoms, designed using templates from the XCAT digital phantoms. The kidneys were constructed with a hollow outer container shaped as cortex, an inner grid-based structure representing medulla and a solid section representing pelvis. The thyroids consisted of two lobes printed as grid-based structures, with void hot spots within the lobes. The phantoms were filled with solutions of 177Lu (kidneys) or 99mTc (thyroids) and imaged with SPECT. For verification, Monte Carlo simulations of SPECT imaging were performed for activity distributions corresponding to those of the printed phantoms. Measured and simulated SPECT images were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. RESULTS: Micro-CT images showed that printing inaccuracies were mainly uniform across the grid. The relationships between the FVF from weighing and [Formula: see text] were found to be linear (r = 0.9995 and r = 0.9993 for 177Lu and 99mTc, respectively). The FVF-deviations from the design were up to 15% for thyroids and 4% for kidneys, mainly related to possibilities of cleaning after printing. Measured and simulated SPECT images of kidneys and thyroids exhibited similar activity distributions and quantitative comparisons agreed well, thus verifying the grid-based method. CONCLUSIONS: We find the grid-based technique useful for the provision of 3D printed, realistically shaped, phantoms with non-uniform activity distributions, which can be used for evaluation of different quantitative methods in SPECT imaging.