Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index and left ventricular mass as markers of nocturnal blood pressure fall in the general population.

BACKGROUND: Findings regarding the association between Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) and the extent of nocturnal blood pressure (BP) fall in the general population are scanty. We sought to investigate this issue in the participants enrolled in the Pressioni Monitorate E Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. METHODS: The study included 491 participants who attended the second and third surveys of the PAMELA study performed after 10 and 25 years from the initial evaluation. Data collection included medical history, anthropometric parameters, office, home, ambulatory blood pressure BP monitoring (ABPM), blood examinations, echocardiography, and CAVI measurements. RESULTS: In the whole study, both CAVI and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were inversely correlated with nocturnal SBP fall, expressed as day-night percent change (r = - 0.152, p = 0.0007, and r = - 0.213, p < 0.0001, respectively). However, after adjustment for sex and age, the correlation remained significant only for LVMI (r = - 0.124, p = 0.006). Non-dipper participants exhibited significantly higher sex-age adjusted LVMI (91 ± 22 vs 82 ± 18 g/m2 (p < 0.0001)), but not of CAVI (9.07 ± 2.0 and 9.57 ± 2.2 m/s, p = ns). Similar results were found when classifying participants into quartiles of nocturnal SBP drop. Finally, both sex-age adjusted CAVI and LVMI were positively correlated with mean nocturnal SBP (r = 0.181, p < 0.001, and r = 0.240, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Although arterial stiffness assessed by CAVI, unlike LVMI, is unrelated with the degree of nocturnal BP drop, this marker is useful in identifying nocturnal hypertension and optimizing cardiovascular risk stratification in the community.

Left ventricular systolic dysfunction in obesity: a meta-analysis of speckle tracking echocardiographic studies.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a risk factor for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and diastolic dysfunction. Available evidence on impaired myocardial deformation in obese patients without apparent systolic dysfunction assessed by LV ejection fraction (LVEF) is based on single studies. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to provide a comprehensive and updated information on this issue. METHODS: The PubMed, OVID-MEDLINE, and Cochrane library databases were analysed to search English-language articles published from the inception up to 31 December 2023. Studies were identified by using MeSH terms and crossing the following search items: ' myocardial strain', 'left ventricular mechanics', 'longitudinal global strain', 'speckle tracking echocardiography', 'systolic dysfunction', 'left ventricular ejection fraction', and 'obesity'. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies including 5792 obese and 5518 nonobese individuals from different clinical settings were considered for the analysis. LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) was significantly impaired in the obese group [standard means difference (SMD): -0.86 ±â€Š0.08; confidence interval (CI) -1.02 to -0.69, P  < 0.0001] and this was paralleled by a significant difference in pooled LVEF between obese and controls (SMD -0.27 ±â€Š0.06; CI -0.40 to -0.15, P  < 0.0001). Unlike GLS, however, the majority of the selected studies failed to show statistically significant differences in LVEF. Furthermore, in patients with advanced obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m 2 , data from six studies), LV systolic dysfunction was more significantly detected by GLS (SMD -1.24 ±â€Š0.19, CI -1.61/-0.87, P  < 0.0001) than by LVEF (SMD -0.54 ±â€Š0.27, CI -1.07 to -0.01, P  = 0.046). CONCLUSION: The present meta-analysis suggests that GLS may unmask systolic dysfunction often undetected by conventional LVEF in the obese setting; thus, this parameter should be incorporated into routine work-up aimed to identify obesity-mediated subclinical cardiac damage.

Habitual Regular Coffee Consumption And Arterial Stiffness -Data From The 3rd Pamela Survey.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated whether chronic coffee consumption affects arterial stiffness, assessed by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). METHODS: In 514 subjects, aged 66.6±9.9 yrs (mean±SD), recruited in the 3rd follow-up of the PAMELA study, subdivided in 3 groups according to daily intake of regular coffee (0, 1-2 and ≥3 cups/day), we measured CAVI and clinic, ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and other variables. RESULTS: The 3 groups displayed similar age, gender, metabolic and renal pofile. Clinic and ambulatory BPs were similar in the 3 groups, this being the case for CAVI (0 cup: 9.1±1.8, 1-2 cups: 9.5±2.3 and ≥3 cups: 9.2±2.1 m/sec, P=NS). No significant gender-difference in CAVI and in participants under antihypertensive treatment was detected. CONCLUSIONS: our data show that chronic coffee consumption leaves unaffected arterial stiffness in the general population, this being the case in subgroups. The neutral vascular impact of coffee may favor the absence of any significant BP effect of habitual coffee intake.

Habitual coffee consumption and office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure: results of a 10-year prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Heterogeneous are the results of the published studies aimed at determining the long-term effects of habitual coffee consumption on blood pressure (BP). Specifically, no data are available on the longitudinal association between habitual coffee consumption and office, home and 24 h BP profile and variability. METHODS: In 1408 subjects recruited in the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study, followed for a 10 year follow-up period and classified as coffee consumers and nonconsumers (self-reporting), we prospectically investigated the association between habitual coffee consumption and office, home and 24-h ambulatory BP; 24-h BP variability; and development of a new hypertensive state. Data were also analysed according to gender. RESULTS: When data were adjusted for confounders habitual coffee nonconsumers and consumers displayed similar long-term BP changes during the follow-up in office, home, and ambulatory BP. No difference was found between heavy and moderate coffee consumers. Furthermore, also new-onset hypertension and patterns of BP variability were superimposable in coffee nonconsumers and consumers, independently on confounders including gender, number, and characteristics of the antihypertensive drug treatment. CONCLUSION: The present study, which is the first longitudinal investigation never performed examining in a prospective fashion the long-term (10 year) effects of coffee consumption on office, home, and ambulatory BP, provides conclusive evidence that habitual coffee consumption is associated with neutral effects on in-office and out-of-office BP values and related variabilities. This is the also the case for the new-onset hypertensive state.

Association Between Elevated Body Mass Index and Cardiac Organ Damage in Children and Adolescents: Evidence and Mechanisms.

INTRODUCTION: Although a number of pathophysiological aspects of childhood obesity have been reported, few information are available on obesity-related cardiac organ damage. AIM: The present study was aimed at assessing the impact of anthropometric, blood pressure (BP) and metabolic variable on cardiac structure and function in youth. METHODS: In 78 subjects aged 5-16 years attending the outpatient clinic of cardiovascular risk (Valencia, Spain) anthropometric and metabolic variables, clinic and ambulatory BP and echocardiographic parameters were assessed. Subjects were also classified according to the presence of insulin resistance. RESULTS: Subjects mean age (± SD) amounted to 12.03 ± 2.4 years and males to 53.8%. Ten subjects were normoweight, 11 overweight, 39 obese, and 18 severely obese. No significant difference in office and ambulatory BP was detected among different bodyweight groups. A significant direct correlation was observed between left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and obesity markers [body mass index (BMI): r = 0.38, waist circumference (WC): r = 0.46, P < 0.04 for both]. Left ventricular hypertrophy, relative wall thickness and left atrial diameter were significantly related to BMI and WC. In contrast, office and ambulatory BP were unrelated to other variables, and differences in LVMI among different BP phenotypes were not significant. When partitioning the population by insulin resistance, LVMI, adjusted for confounders, was significantly greater in the insulin-resistant group. CONCLUSIONS: In children and adolescents characterized by different body weight patterns, weight factors "per se" and the related insulin resistance state appear to represent the main determinants of LVMI and left ventricular hypertrophy, independently on BP values and BP phenotypes.

Targeting left atrial dysfunction: A new way to prevent cardiovascular disease?

Clinical and biochemical factorsassociated with worsening of left atrial function, as assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography (i.e. left atrial reservoir strain = LARS) in a population-based cohortover a five-year period of follow-up.

Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index as a Marker of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Treated Hypertensives: Findings From the Pamela Study.

BACKGROUND: Findings regarding the association between Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) and cardiac hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD), such as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) assessed by echocardiography, in elderly hypertensive patients are scanty. We sought to investigate this issue in the hypertensive fraction of the general population treated with anti-hypertensive drugs enrolled in the Pressioni Monitorate E Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. METHODS: The study included 239 out of 562 participants who attended the second and third surveys of the PAMELA study performed after 10 and 25 years from the initial evaluation. Data collection included medical history, anthropometric parameters, office, home, ambulatory blood pressure (BP), blood examinations, echocardiography, and CAVI measurements. RESULTS: In the whole study sample (age 69 ±â€…9 years, 54% males), CAVI was positively correlated with age, office, home, ambulatory systolic BP, LV mass (LVM) index, and negatively associated with body mass index (BMI). In multivariate analysis, CAVI was associated with the LVM index (P < 0.05) independently of major confounders. The participants with LVH exhibited significantly higher CAVI (10.6 ±â€…2.8 vs. 9.2 ±â€…1.8 m/s P < 0.001), larger left atrial diameter, and lower LV ejection fraction values than their counterparts without it. The CAVI value of 9.4 m/s was the best cut-off for prediction of LVH in the whole sample. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides new evidence of an independent association between CAVI and LVH in treated elderly hypertensive patients and suggests that the use of this metric of arterial stiffness could not only be used to evaluate vascular damage but also to stratify the risk of LVH.

Targeting Hypertensive Response to Exercise and the Association of Masked Hypertension With Subclinical Organ Damage: A Mini-Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests that a hypertensive response to exercise (HRE) during dynamic or isometric stress tests assessing cardiac function is predictive of hypertension and cardiovascular events such coronary artery disease, heart failure and stroke. Whether HRE represents a marker of masked hypertension (MH) in individuals with no prior history of hypertension is still unclear. This is also the case for the association between MH and hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) in the HRE setting. METHODS: We addressed this issue through a review and a meta-analysis of studies providing data on this topic in normotensive individuals undergone both to dynamic or static exercise and to 24-h blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). A systematic search was performed using Pub-Med, OVID, EMBASE and Cochrane library databases from inception up to February 28th 2023. RESULTS: Six studies including a total of 1,155 untreated clinically normotensive individuals were considered for the review. Data provided by the selected studies can be summarized as follows: (i) HRE is a BP phenotype linked to a high prevalence of MH (27.3% in the pooled population); (ii) MH is, in turn, associated with a greater, consistent likelihood of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (OR: 4.93, CI: 2.16-12.2, P < 0.0001) and vascular organ damage, as assessed by pulse wave velocity, (SMD: 0.34 ±â€…0.11, CI: 0.12-0.56, P = 0002). CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of this, albeit limited, evidence, the diagnostic work-up in individuals with HRE should primarily be addressed to look for MH as well as for markers of HMOD, a highly prevalent alteration in MH.

Uric acid and left ventricular hypertrophy: a gender-based meta-analysis of echocardiographic studies.

AIM: Gender-based evidence on the association between serum uric acid (SUA) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), as assessed by echocardiography, is still based on single studies. Thus, we performed a systematic meta-analysis of echocardiographic studies in order to provide an updated and comprehensive information on this issue. METHODS: The PubMed, OVID-MEDLINE, and Cochrane library databases were analyzed to search English-language articles published from the inception up to March 31, 2023. Studies were identified by using MeSH terms and crossing the following search items: 'uric acid', 'hyperuricemia', 'left ventricular mass', 'left ventricular hypertrophy', 'echocardiography', 'female', 'male'. RESULTS: Six studies including 2791 normotensive and hypertensive individuals were considered for the analysis. In women, increasing values of SUA were associated with progressively higher values of age, body mass index (BMI) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). This was not the case for men. In women, the meta-analysis comparing LV mass index (LVMI) in low versus high SUA group showed a greater pooled LVMI in the high SUA group [standard means difference (SMD): 0.81 ±â€Š0. 24, confidence interval (CI) 0.34-1.27, P  < 0.0001]. On the contrary, in men no statistical difference was found between the low group and high SUA group (SMD: 0.27 ±â€Š0.27, CI: -0.27/0.81, P  = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis suggests that hyperuricemia portends the likely presence of increased LVMI in women but not in men. However, as hyperuricemia in the female pooled population, different from men, was associated with older age, higher BMI and SBP, the present findings do not support an independent role of the SUA in LV remodelling process in women.

Comparison between visit-to-visit office and 24-h blood pressure variability in treated hypertensive patients.

OBJECTIVES: In any treated hypertensive patient office blood pressure (BP) values may differ between visits and this variability (V) has an adverse prognostic impact. However, little information is available on visit-to-visit 24-h BPV. METHODS: In 1114 hypertensives of the ELSA and PHYLLIS trials we compared visit-to-visit office and 24-h mean BPV by coefficient of variation (CV) of the mean systolic (S) and diastolic (D) BP obtained from yearly measurements during a 3-4 year treatment period. Visit-to-visit BPV during daytime and night-time were also compared. RESULTS: Twenty-four-hour SBP-CV was about 20% less than office SBP-CV ( P  < 0.0001). SBP-CV was considerably greater for the night-time than for the daytime period (20%, P  < 0.0001). Results were similar for DBP and in males and females, older and younger patients, patients under different antihypertensive drugs or with different baseline or achieved BP values. In the group as a whole and in subgroups there was significant correlations between office and 24-h BP-CV but the correlation coefficients was weak, indicating that office SBP or DBP CV accounted for only about 1-4% of 24-h SBP or DBP-CV values. CONCLUSION: Twenty-four-hour mean BP across visits is more stable than across visit office BP. Visit-to-visit office and 24-h BPV are significantly related to each other, but correlation coefficients are low, making visit-to-visit office BP variations poorly predictive of the concomitant 24-h BP variations and thus of on-treatment ambulatory BP stability.

Do We Need New Electrocardiographic Criteria for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy? The Case of the Peguero-Lo Presti Criterion. A Narrative Review.

The cardiovascular risk associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in the community and, particularly, in the hypertensive fraction of the general population, represents the rationale for its timely and accurate identification in order to implement adequate preventive strategies. Although electrocardiography (ECG) is the first-line and most economical method of diagnosing LVH its accuracy is largely suboptimal. Over the last 70 years, dozens of different ECG criteria, mostly based on measurements of QRS voltages, have been proposed. In this long journey, a few years ago Peguero et al. developed a novel ECG voltage criterion, currently recognized as Peguero-Lo Presti (PLP) suggesting that it has greater sensitivity than traditional ECG-LVH criteria. Considering that in the last 5 years numerous studies have investigated the diagnostic value of this new index, this review aimed to summarize the data published so far on this topic focusing both on the accuracy in identifying the presence of LVH compared with imaging techniques such as echocardiography (ECHO) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the value in predicting hard outcomes. The evidence in favor of the greater diagnostic accuracy of the PLP criterion in detecting LVH, phenotyped by ECHO or MRI, and in the stratification of hard outcomes compared with traditional ECG criteria does not appear to be sufficiently proven. Given that the diagnosis of LVH by all ECG criteria (including the PLP) exclusively based on the QRS amplitude is largely imprecise, the development of new multiparametric ECG criteria based on artificial intelligence could represent a real improvement in the diagnostic capacity of the ECG.

Platelet Cyclic GMP Levels Are Reduced in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Nitric oxide inhibits platelet aggregation by increasing the second messenger cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) through the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase in target cells. Within this context, the oxidative stress associated with the aldosterone excess impairs the nitric oxide availability. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the impact of chronic aldosterone excess on the platelet nitric oxide/cGMP pathway in humans. METHODS: The levels of cGMP were evaluated in platelets of male patients, 12 with primary aldosteronism (PA) and 32 with uncomplicated essential hypertension (EH), matched for age and blood pressure (BP) values. RESULTS: PA and EH patients were 52.8 ± 3 years old and 51.6 ± 1.6 years old, respectively. Systolic and diastolic BP were 158 ± 5.0 mmHg and 105.9 ± 2.3 mmHg in PA and did not differ compared to EH patients (156.6 ± 2.4 mmHg and 104.7 ± 1.2 mmHg). Mean aldosterone levels were significantly higher in PA (25.5 ± 8.8 ng/dL) compared toEH (8.11 ± 0.73 ng/dL), whereas potassium was significantly lower in PA (3.52 ± 0.18 mEq/L) compared to EH (4.08 ± 0.04 mEq/L). Aldosterone and potassium were inversely related (r = -0.49, p = 0.0006) in the whole study population (n = 44). Platelet cGMP was significantly lower in PA (5.1 ± 0.36 pM/109 cells) than in EH (7.1 ± 0.53 pM/109 cells), and in the entire study cohort, it was directly related to plasma potassium (r = 0.43, p = 0.0321). CONCLUSIONS: These results show an impairment of nitric oxide/cGMP signaling in platelets of PA patients. This effect is likely related to the potassium-depleting effect of chronic aldosterone excess. Future studies are needed to understand whether the platelet nitric oxide/cGMP system is involved in the atherothrombotic events in these patients.

Echocardiographic Phenotypes of Subclinical Organ Damage: Clinical and Prognostic Value in the General Population. Findings from the Pamela Study.

Subclinical alterations in cardiac structure and function include a variety of abnormal phenotypes of established adverse prognostic significance such as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), alterations of LV geometry, left atrial (LA) enlargement, and aortic root (AR) dilatation. The excess cardiovascular (CV) risk associated with these phenotypes has been consistently demonstrated in different clinical settings such in patients with systemic hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, heart failure and in geneal population samples. The Pressioni Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA), a longitudinal population-based study originally designed to assess the normality values, prognostic significance of office, home and 24-hour blood pressure, including among the many clinical and laboratory variables the collection of echocardiographic data, allowed to gather important information on the clinical prognostic significance of subclinical cardiac damage during a long follow-up period. This article summarizes the original findings provided by the PAMELA study on the clinical correlates and prognostic significance of echocardiographic markers of subclinical organa damage namely LVH, left atrial enlargement (LA) and AR dilatation at the community level.

High blood pressure with elevated resting heart rate: a high risk "Sympathetic" clinical phenotype.

Epidemiological studies have unequivocally shown that elevated heart rate values measured at rest have an adverse prognostic impact in the hypertensive patient, being associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and complications. In recent years new data have been collected on this issue, strengthening the clinical relevance of elevated heart rate as a specific hypertensive phenotype. The present paper will review old and new data on the prognostic importance of resting tachycardia in the hypertensive patient. It will also examine the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of this alteration as well as its therapeutic implications. The different approaches to dynamically assess heart rate values in the clinical setting will be finally discussed.

Impact of the Increase in Left Ventricular Mass on the Risk of Long-Term Cardiovascular Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events, and evidence has been obtained that an increase of a normal left ventricular mass (LVM) or new-onset LVH over time augments cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: We addressed this issue in a sample of a general population at relatively low cardiovascular risk. We analyzed subjects with normal echocardiographic LVM enrolled in the PAMELA (Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni) study to follow the increase of LVM over time and assess the prognostic impact of this change on the incidence of cardiovascular events (mean follow-up 18.5 years). RESULTS: In 990 subjects with no LVH at baseline, there was a significant average increase of LVM (21.2%), LVMIBSA (18.9%), and LVMIHT (22.3%) more than 10 years later. About a quarter developed LVH. The LVMIBSA change exhibited an association with the cardiovascular risk mortality during the following 18.5 years, and the association remained significant after adjustment for confounders (hazard ratio, 1.2 [1.0-1.5]). Similar findings were obtained for LVM in absolute values or indexed for height. The association was seen in both genders, but the link with the cardiovascular risk was statistically significant in males only. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, although over 10 years, the LVM increase does not reach a LVH status, it is associated with an augmented cardiovascular mortality risk. This suggests that it might be important to consider periodical LVM assessment, even when LVM is within the normal range, to timely detect its increase and cope with the need of cardiovascular risk restratification.