RESUMO
Introduction: Cognitive function is known to be associated with physical function, where greater walking capacity has been shown to have moderate to strong correlations with global cognitive function and other various domains of cognition in older adults with and without chronic conditions. Biological sex may moderate the relationship between cognitive and physical function, but whether sex differences exist in this association has not been examined in an aging population. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between global cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MoCA), walking capacity (6-Minute Walk Test distance; 6â MWT) and sex in an aging population with broad ranges of cognitive and physical function. Methods: Participants were assessed for global cognitive function (MoCA) and walking capacity (6â MWT). Multivariable regression analyses were performed to examine the interaction of sex in the association between MoCA and 6â MWT. First, we presented the unadjusted model (Model 1), then the model adjusted for age, history of stroke, and height (Model 2). To determine if there were sex-based differences in the association between global cognitive function and walking capacity, we included sex and an interaction term between sex*6â MWT distance in Models 3 and 4. Results: Twenty-three females and 36 males were included in the multivariable regression analyses, respectively. Our sample represented broad ranges of cognitive and physical function levels, where MoCA scores ranged from 13 to 30, and 6â MWT distances from 203 to 750â m. 6â MWT distance was associated with MoCA in models unadjusted (R 2 = 0.17; F(1,56) = 11.4; p < 0.01) and adjusted for age, stroke history, and height (R 2 = 0.20; F(4,53) = 3.2; p = 0.02). No interaction with sex was found, but a main effect of sex was observed (R 2 = 0.26; F(5,21) = 3.72; p = 0.03). When adjusting for age, height and history of stroke, males MoCA scores were 2.9 ± 1.3 less than the mean MoCA scores for females. Discussion: Our findings confirm the positive relationship between cognitive and physical function in older adults. Notably, we also observed superior performance in global cognition among females that was consistent across a broad spectrum of walking capacity.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to investigate the effects of exercise-based interventions on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with stroke or transient ischemic attack. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were searched from inceptions to 28 December 2016. REVIEW METHODS: Randomized controlled trials were included that involved exercise with or without other interventions, included participants of any age, with diagnosis of transient ischemic attack or stroke, at any stage of severity or time period following the event, and reported cardiovascular risk factor outcomes. Review Manager (version 5.3) was used to aggregate data from all studies and from those involving only exercise interventions. RESULTS: This review included 18 randomized controlled trials (930 participants) in the qualitative synthesis, 14 of which were included in the quantitative analysis (720 participants; ranging from 84 to 438 participants within individual meta-analyses). All interventions were effective in reducing resting systolic blood pressure (mean difference (MD): -5.32 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI): -9.46 to -1.18, P = 0.01), fasting glucose (MD: -0.11 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.17 to -0.06, P < 0.0001), and fasting insulin (MD: -17.14 pmol/L, 95% CI: -32.90 to -1.38, P = 0.03), and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD: 0.10 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.03-0.18, P = 0.008). Effects were maintained following meta-analysis of only exercise interventions. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that exercise-based interventions are effective in reducing systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin, and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol after stroke or transient ischemic attack, providing evidence for their implementation as a strategy for secondary prevention.
