Criteria in the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in Children: A Scoping Review.

Currently, there is no consensus on the criteria for identifying metabolic syndrome in children, as observed in the diversity of research developed. For this reason, a scoping review was developed in this work, in order to compare the criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) applied in children, described in observational, descriptive cross-sectional studies. The databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and the search engine Google Scholar were used. The search terms "metabolic syndrome", "cardiometabolic syndrome", "child", "children" and "childhood" were considered, as well as the names of organizations or authors proposing identification criteria for MetS to establish search relationships using the Boolean connectors "AND" and "OR". Likewise, two reviewers carried out the evaluation and selection of articles, of which 26 articles were included in which children aged 6 to 12 participated. It was found that the most commonly used criteria for identifying MetS since 2015 are those of Cook et al, IDF, NCEP ATPIII, and De Ferranti et al, in that order. Specific criteria, such as those proposed by Cook et al, are being chosen to enhance the accuracy of identifying MetS in children. The most common risk factors in children with MetS are abdominal circumference and BMI, followed by triglycerides, HDL, blood pressure, and blood glucose. The prevalence of MetS in children varies according to the criteria used, being higher with De Ferranti et al.

Cluster Analysis of Factors Associated with Leishmaniasis in Peru.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with leishmaniasis in Peru, according to the cluster classification in the period 2017-2021. METHODS: Quantitative approach, with an ecological, descriptive correlational, and cross-sectional design. The population was from the geographical region of Peru, where a total of 26,956 cases of leishmaniasis were registered by the Peruvian Ministry of Health from 2017 to 2021. Spearman's Rho statistic was used to analyze the variables that are most associated with the cases of leishmaniasis reported per year, and, in addition, the multivariate technique of cluster analysis was applied. RESULTS: Annual rainfall and areas with humid forest (climatic factors) and mortality from transmissible diseases (health factor) are directly associated with reported cases of leishmaniasis. Households with basic access to infrastructure, drinking water, drainage, and electric lighting; illiteracy, regional social progress, and unsatisfied basic needs (social factors); and percentage of urban population (demographic factor) are inversely and significantly associated with cases of leishmaniasis. CONCLUSIONS: Climatic and environmental factors contribute to the multiplication of the leishmaniasis disease vector. The incidence of leishmaniasis adds up to the mortality rates for transmissible diseases in Peru. As living conditions improve, the incidence of this pathology decreases.

Validity and Reliability of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Instrument Regarding Monkey Pox in Peru.

Objective: To analyze the questionnaire of the validity and reliability of knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning Mpox. Methods: This was an instrumental, cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 178 citizens from 3 sectors of Peru, who responded to a virtual questionnaire regarding knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning Mpox. The validity and reliability process of the questionnaire was carried out using Aiken's V, Cronbach's Alpha, McDonald's Omega and principal component analysis. Results: After expert evaluation, the questionnaire was shown to have adequate content validity for measuring knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning Mpox, each in their respective dimensions, with Aiken's V values above 0.90. For construct validity, exploratory factor analysis was used and the items were grouped into four dimensions for the level of knowledge, three dimensions for attitudes, and two for practices. With respect to the reliability analysis, the application of Cronbach's α statistic and McDonald's ω, obtained values above 0.70. Conclusion: The results of the research enabled the attainment of a questionnaire that meets the adequate psychometric characteristics in order to be applied.

Modelo logístico de factores asociados al Síndrome de Burnout en el personal de salud / Logistic model of factors associated with Burnout Syndrome in health personnel

Introducción: La carga de trabajo excesiva en el personal de salud, debido a la pandemia del COVID-19 ha generado la presencia del Síndrome de Burnout. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar un modelo logístico para los factores asociados a las dimensiones del Síndrome de Burnout en el personal de salud, durante la pandemia COVID-19, en Trujillo - Perú. Método: Se aplicó un diseño transversal, correlacional; se utilizó el cuestionario estandarizado del inventario de Burnout de Maslach aplicado virtualmente, que mide: agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y realización personal, la muestra estuvo conformada por 143 profesionales de salud de los establecimientos de la Micro red de Trujillo y de El Seguro Social de Salud (ESSALUD), Resultados: El 24,5% de profesionales de la salud tienen un nivel de agotamiento emocional alto, 27,3% nivel de despersonalización alto y 39,9% nivel de realización personal bajo. El estado civil, ingreso familiar, tipo de institución donde labora, la edad y el número de hijos se asocian al nivel de agotamiento emocional (p<0,05). El sexo, la profesión, tipo de institución, edad y número de hijos se asocian al nivel de despersonalización (p<0,05). El tipo de institución y la edad se asocian al nivel de realización personal (p<0,05).Conclusiones: El modelo logístico ordinal propuesto indica el 69,2% de éxito en nivel de agotamiento emocional, el 60,8% de éxito para el nivel de despersonalización y el 58,7% con el modelo para nivel de realización personal. (AU)

Introduction: Excessive workload in health personnel, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, has generated the presence of Burnout Syndrome. The purpose of this study was to determine a logistic model for the factors associated with the dimensions of Burnout Syndrome in health personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic in Trujillo - Peru. Method: A cross-sectional, correlational design was applied. The standardized Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire was used and applied virtually. It measures emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal fulfillment. The sample consisted of 143 health professionals from the Trujillo Micro-network and Social Health Insurance establishments (ESSALUD). Results: 24.5% of health professionals have a high level of emotional exhaustion, 27.3% a high level of depersonalization and 39.9% a low level of personal fulfillment. Marital status, family income, type of institution where they work, age and number of children are associated with the level of emotional exhaustion (p<0.05). Gender, profession, type of institution, age and number of children are associated with the level of depersonalization (p<0.05). The type of institution and age are associated with the level of personal fulfillment (p<0.05). Conclusions: The proposed ordinal logistic model indicates 69.2% success in emotional exhaustion level, 60.8% success for depersonalization level and 58.7% with the model for personal fulfillment level. (AU)

Factors Associated with the Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccines in Citizens of Northern Peru: Cross-Sectional Study.

Purpose: The presence of the COVID-19 coronavirus in Peru, and especially in northern Peru, was very fast and caused many deaths. As a result, vaccination proved to be the most immediate option to control it. However, a sector of the population was reluctant to vaccination. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the factors associated with the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines by citizens of northern Peru. Patients and Methods: The study was observational, descriptive-correlational and the sample was stratified and consisted of 516 citizens from eight departments of northern Peru, who answered an online questionnaire regarding sociodemographic, cultural and health aspects. The data were analyzed using statistical tests of association and a logistic model was estimated to identify factors predicting vaccine acceptance. Results: Among the factors associated with vaccine acceptance, sociodemographic factors such as age and family income, cultural factors such as level of knowledge, and health factors such as having another chronic disease and a vaccine with a higher confidence (p<0.05) were found. In addition, 12% of the population do not trust them, 10% are afraid that they may cause thrombosis, 13% disagree with vaccination for children, 7% think that a chip will be implanted and 8% believe that their DNA will be changed. However, most people accept vaccination and consider it necessary. A multivariate analysis was also performed for the acceptance of vaccines, which presented a percentage of 80.2% correct in the prognosis. Conclusion: The multivariate analysis allowed a conclusion that the predictor variables for vaccine acceptance are household income of less than 1000 Peruvian soles per month, low or medium levels of knowledge, and having another chronic disease.

Modelo de predicción para Síndrome metabólico en adultos de Trujillo, Perú / Prediction model for metabolic syndrome in adults from Trujillo, Peru

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome metabólico es una confluencia de alteración metabólica que involucra la glicemia y el perfil lipídico, la presión arterial, y en especial la obesidad que aumentan el riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo: Estimar un modelo de predicción de síndrome metabólico en adultos del Distrito de Trujillo (Perú), a partir de indicadores aterogénicos, antropométricos y estilos de vida. Material y Métodos: Participaron 260 adultos de 30 a 65 años de la Ciudad de Trujillo. El síndrome metabólico se identificó mediante criterios del ALAD y ATP III armonizado, y se aplicó un cuestionario de preguntas para estilos de vida. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la regresión logística. Resultados: Consumen gaseosa y snack 70,8 % y 38,5 %; no consumen frutas y verduras en 56,2 % y 58,1 %; y no realiza actividad física 47,7 %. Presentó síndrome metabólico según ALAD y ATP III 46,2 % y 48,1 %, respectivamente. Se asociaron según ALAD; el Índice de Masa Corporal (OR: 11,014; IC 95 %: 4,337-27,971); Índice Castelli (OR: 2,344; IC95 %: 1,074-5,113) y TG/HDL (OR: 3,584; IC 95 %: 1,774-7,242). Se asociaron según ATP III; el sexo (OR: 2,385; IC 95 %: 1,2-4,739); edad (OR: 1,939; IC 95%: 1,032 - 3,644); Índice de Masa Corporal (OR: 5,880; IC 95 %: 2,547-13,576); índice de Castelli (OR: 2,935; IC 95 %: 1,295-6,653) y TG/HDL (OR: 6,937; IC 95 % 3,232-14,889). No hubo asociación entre estilos de vida y síndrome metabólico. Conclusiones: El modelo de predicción para síndrome metabólico por ALAD involucra al Índice de Masa Corporal, Castelli e Índice TG/HDL; se adiciona género y edad en el modelo para síndrome metabólico por ATP III armonizado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The metabolic syndrome is a confluence of metabolic alteration that involves blood glucose and lipid profile, blood pressure, and especially obesity that increase cardiovascular risk. Objective: To estimate a prediction model for metabolic syndrome (MS) in adults from the District of Trujillo (Peru) on the basis of atherogenic, anthropometric and lifestyle indicators. Material and Methods: A total of 260 adults between 30 and 65 years old from the City of Trujillo participated in the study. MS was identified using the ALAD and harmonized ATP III criteria, and a questionnaire containing questions on lifestyles was applied. Logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. Results: The results of the study show that 70.8% and 38.5% consume soda and snack; 56.2 % and 58.1 % do not consume fruits and vegetables; and 47.7 % of them do not do physical activity. According to ALAD and ATP III, 46.2 % and 48.1 % presented MS, respectively. The BMI (OR: 11.014; 95 % CI: 4.337-27.971); Castelli Index (OR: 2.344; 95 % CI: 1.074-5.113) and TG / HDL (OR: 3.584; 95 % CI: 1.774-7.242) were associated with MS according to ALAD criteria. Sex (OR: 2.385; 95 % CI: 1.2-4.739); Age (OR: 1,939; 95 % CI: 1,032 - 3,644); BMI (OR: 5.880; 95 % CI: 2.547-13.576); Castelli index (OR: 2,935; 95 % CI: 1,295-6,653) and TG/HDL (OR: 6,937; 95 % CI 3,232-14,889) were associated with MS according to ATP III criteria. There was no association between lifestyle and MS. Conclusions: It is concluded that the prediction model for MS according to ALAD criteria involves BMI, Castelli index and TG/HDL index; gender and age are added in the model for MS according to harmonized ATP III criteria.

Indicadores de aterogenicidad en la predicción del síndrome metabólico en adultos, Trujillo-Perú

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los indicadores de aterogenicidad en la predicción del síndrome metabólico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en adultos de la ciudad de Trujillo en 321 personas de 25 a 65 años que acudieron a cuatro centros de salud, de julio a diciembre de 2019. El síndrome metabólico se determinó mediante criterios de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Diabetes (ALAD) 2018 y del Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). Resultados: La presencia de síndrome metabólico según los criterios del ALAD y ATPIII fue de 46,1% y 48,6% respectivamente. Los índices aterogénicos con valores de riesgo más prevalentes correspondieron al Colesterol No HDL 72%; Índice de Castelli 68,2% y el índice TG/HDL en 58,3% de los participantes. Tanto para el criterio ALAD como ATPIII, el índice aterogénico que mostró la mejor predicción fue el TG/HDL seguido del índice de Castelli en el caso del ATP III. Conclusión: El índice de TG/HDL es el indicador con mejor predicción del síndrome metabólico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate atherogenicity indicators in the prediction of metabolic syndrome. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in adults from the city of Trujillo in 321 people aged 25 to 65 years who accessed care at four health centers, between July-December 2019. Metabolic syndrome was determined by using criteria of the Latin American Diabetes Association (LADA) 2018 and the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). Results: The presence of metabolic syndrome according to LADA and ATP III criteria was 46.1% and 48.6%, respectively. The atherogenic indexes with the most prevalent risk values corresponded to non HDL cholesterol 72%; Castelli index 68.2% and TG/HDL index in 58.3% of the participants. For both LADA and ATP III criteria, the atherogenic index that showed the best prediction was TG/HDL followed by the Castelli index in the case of ATP III. Conclusion: The TG/HDL index is the indicator with the best prediction of metabolic syndrome.

Balance energético y estado nutricional en niños preescolares, Huanchaco, Trujillo, Perú, 2014 / Energy balance and nutritional state in preschool children, Huanchaco, Trujillo, Perú, 2014

Introducción: El balance energético equilibrado en el organismo humano permite mantener un estado nutricional y de salud adecuado, ingestas excesivas o por defecto modifican la homeostasis y producen enfermedades. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre balance energético y estado nutricional en niños de instituciones educativas del distrito de Huanchaco, departamento La Libertad, Perú. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal en 203 niños de 3 a 5 años en el periodo abril-junio 2014. Se evaluó el estado nutricional con los índices talla/edad, peso/edad, peso/talla usando estándares de crecimiento infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud 2006. El balance energético se midió con la adecuación de energía ingerida respecto a su requerimiento energético estimado, expresado en porcentaje. Se aplicó la prueba estadística Chi-cuadrado con un nivel de significancia de 5 por ciento. Resultados: Los índices para evaluar el estado nutricional fueron predominante normales. El balance energético para niños y niñas de 3 años fue 123,75 ± 46,97 por ciento y 125,82 ± 13,01 pior cientopor ciento de su requerimiento respectivamente; en niños y niñas de 4 años fue de 109,90 ± 23,17 por ciento y 104,69 ± 20,96 por ciento, respectivamente y finalmente en niños de 5 años fue 105,15 ± 24,97 por ciento y en las niñas un balance energético negativo de 86,39 ± 11,99 por ciento. Existe asociación altamente significativa (p < 0,01) entre estado nutricional y balance energético. Conclusiones: El balance energético con tendencia positiva predispone hacia la obesidad para los índices peso/talla y peso/edad y el equilibrado o positivo condicionan un estado nutricional normal según talla/edad(AU)

Introduction: The balanced energy state in the human body allows maintaining a nutritional and health status; excessive or small intakes of food modify the homeostasis and produce diseases. Objective: To determine the association between energy balance and nutritional state in children from educational institutions of Huanchaco District, La Libertad, Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out in 203 children from 3 to 5 years old in the period from April to June 2014. It was assessed the nutritional state with the indexes height/age, weight/age, weight/height using child growth standards of the World Health Organization 2006. The energy balance was measured with the adequacy of energy intake in relation to their estimated energy requirement, expressed as a percentage. Chi-square statistical test was applied with a significance level of 5percent. Results: The indexes to assess the nutritional state were predominantly normal. The energy balance for boys and girls of 3 years old was 123.75 ± 46.97percent and 125.82 ± 13.01percent of their requirement respectively; in children of 4 years old it was 109.90 ± 23.17percent and 104.69 ± 20.96percent, respectively; and finally in 5 years old boys it was 105.15 ± 24.97percent and in girls a negative energy balance of 86.39 ± 11.99percent. There is a highly significant association (p< 0.01) between the nutritional state and the energy balance. Conclusions: The energy balance with positive trend predisposes toward obesity for the indexes weight/height and weight/age, and the balanced or positive condition to a normal nutritional state according to height/age(AU)

Balance energético y estado nutricional en niños preescolares, Huanchaco, Trujillo, Perú, 2014 / Energy balance and nutritional state in preschool children, Huanchaco, Trujillo, Perú, 2014

Introducción: El balance energético equilibrado en el organismo humano permite mantener un estado nutricional y de salud adecuado, ingestas excesivas o por defecto modifican la homeostasis y producen enfermedades. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre balance energético y estado nutricional en niños de instituciones educativas del distrito de Huanchaco, departamento La Libertad, Perú. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal en 203 niños de 3 a 5 años en el periodo abril-junio 2014. Se evaluó el estado nutricional con los índices talla/edad, peso/edad, peso/talla usando estándares de crecimiento infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud 2006. El balance energético se midió con la adecuación de energía ingerida respecto a su requerimiento energético estimado, expresado en porcentaje. Se aplicó la prueba estadística Chi-cuadrado con un nivel de significancia de 5 por ciento. Resultados: Los índices para evaluar el estado nutricional fueron predominante normales. El balance energético para niños y niñas de 3 años fue 123,75 ± 46,97 por ciento y 125,82 ± 13,01 por ciento de su requerimiento respectivamente; en niños y niñas de 4 años fue de 109,90 ± 23,17 por ciento y 104,69 ± 20,96 por ciento, respectivamente y finalmente en niños de 5 años fue 105,15 ± 24,97 por ciento y en las niñas un balance energético negativo de 86,39 ± 11,99 por ciento. Existe asociación altamente significativa (p < 0,01) entre estado nutricional y balance energético. Conclusiones: El balance energético con tendencia positiva predispone hacia la obesidad para los índices peso/talla y peso/edad y el equilibrado o positivo condicionan un estado nutricional normal según talla/edad(AU)

Introduction: The balanced energy state in the human body allows maintaining a nutritional and health status; excessive or small intakes of food modify the homeostasis and produce diseases. Objective: To determine the association between energy balance and nutritional state in children from educational institutions of Huanchaco District, La Libertad, Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out in 203 children from 3 to 5 years old in the period from April to June 2014. It was assessed the nutritional state with the indexes height/age, weight/age, weight/height using child growth standards of the World Health Organization 2006. The energy balance was measured with the adequacy of energy intake in relation to their estimated energy requirement, expressed as a percentage. Chi-square statistical test was applied with a significance level of 5 percent . Results: The indexes to assess the nutritional state were predominantly normal. The energy balance for boys and girls of 3 years old was 123.75 ± 46.97 percent and 125.82 ± 13.01 percent of their requirement respectively; in children of 4 years old it was 109.90 ± 23.17 percent and 104.69 ± 20.96 percent, respectively; and finally in 5 years old boys it was 105.15 ± 24.97 percent and in girls a negative energy balance of 86.39 ± 11.99 percent. There is a highly significant association (p< 0.01) between the nutritional state and the energy balance. Conclusions: The energy balance with positive trend predisposes toward obesity for the indexes weight/height and weight/age, and the balanced or positive condition to a normal nutritional state according to height/age(AU)