Ecografía del aparato urinario / Ultrasound of the urinary system

La ecografía es una técnica que permite una exploración bastante completa del aparato urinario, alcanzando una alta sensibilidad para la detección de enfermedades relevantes, sobre todo a nivel renal, vesical y prostático. La detección temprana de afecciones como los tumores o la obstrucción de la vía urinaria, en ocasiones incluso antes de presentar expresión clínica, ha mejorado su manejo y pronóstico en muchas ocasiones. Esto, junto con su bajo coste e inocuidad, convierte a la ecografía en la técnica idónea para el abordaje inicial y el seguimiento de un número amplio de enfermedades del aparato urinario. En el presente artículo se revisan las características ecográficas de las principales afecciones que se pueden diagnosticar con esta técnica en el aparato urinario (AU)

Ultrasound techniques are able to provide a fairly complete examination of the urinary system, achieving a high sensitivity in relevant-pathology detection, especially in the kidney, bladder and prostate. Early detection of pathologies such as tumors or urinary tract obstructions, sometimes even before their clinical manifestation, has improved their management and prognosis in many cases. This, added to its low cost and harmlessness, makes ultrasound ideal for early approaches and follow-up of a wide number of urinary system pathologies. In this article, the ultrasound characteristics of the main urinary system pathologies that can be diagnosed by this technique, are reviewed (AU)

Ecografía de bazo y retroperitoneo / Ultrasound of spleen and retroperitoneum

La ecografía aporta datos de extraordinario valor a la hora de estudiar la enfermedad esplénica, resultando diagnóstica en la esplenomegalia y traumatismos esplénicos, y muy orientadora en enfermedad focal tanto benigna como maligna, con especial mención del linfoma. En la evaluación de la enfermedad suprarrenal y retroperitoneal, sin embargo, la ecografía se ve superada por otras técnicas como la TAC o la RMN, si bien sigue constituyendo un excelente método de screening y de seguimiento, y resulta también en ocasiones útil a la hora de un abordaje terapéutico no invasivo (AU)

Ultrasound provides data of extremely great value when studying spleen pathology, being diagnostic in splenomegaly and splenic trauma, as well as offering a good approach to the diagnosis of both benign and malignant focal pathology, particularly lymphoma. However, for the evaluation of adrenal and retroperitoneal diseases, other techniques such as CT or MRI are more suitable, even though ultrasound is still an excellent screening and monitoring method, as well as being useful in non-invasive therapeutic approaches (AU)

Ecografía hepática: lesiones focales y enfermedades difusas / Liver ultrasound: focal lesions and diffuse diseases

La ecografía hepática es actualmente la primera técnica diagnóstica para la detección y caracterización de la mayoría de las lesiones del hígado, especialmente en la detección de lesiones focales o en el seguimiento de las enfermedades hepáticas crónicas. No solo se utiliza el modoB, sino también el doppler color y más recientemente la ecografía con contraste. Se usa principalmente en el diagnóstico de enfermedades hepáticas difusas como la esteatosis, la hepatopatía crónica y la cirrosis. En este artículo se van a revisar las características principales de las lesiones focales fundamentales y los principales signos de enfermedades difusas (AU)

Liver ultrasound is frequently used as a first-line technique for the detection and characterization of the most common liver lesions, especially those incidentally found focal liver lesions, and for monitoring of chronic liver diseases. Ultrasound is not only used in the Bmode, but also with Doppler and, more recently, contrast-enhanced ultrasound. It is mainly used in the diagnosis of diffuse liver diseases, such as steatosis or cirrhosis. This article presents a practical approach for diagnosis workup, in which the different characteristics of the main focal liver lesions and diffuse liver diseases are reviewed (AU)

Ecografía de la vesícula y la vía biliar / Ultrasound of gallbladder and bile duct

La naturaleza quística de la vesícula y de las vías biliares cuando están dilatadas, y las ventajas de la ecografía como técnica rápida, repetible, cómoda, de bajo coste, exenta de riesgo y con una sensibilidad y especificidad altas, hacen que esta se considere la técnica de elección en el estudio de la enfermedad biliar. Para el médico, la ecografía es una herramienta valiosa para el estudio de la enfermedad biliar y sus complicaciones, desde alteraciones analíticas en el perfil hepático, pasando por el dolor en el hipocondrio derecho o ictericia, hasta la sospecha de colelitiasis, colecistitis o tumores biliares (AU)

The cystic nature of the gallbladder and bile duct when dilated, and the advantages of ultrasound as a quick, reproducible, convenient, cheap and low risk technique, with a high sensitivity and specificity, make it the most eligible technique in biliary pathology studies. Ultrasound has become a valuable tool for doctors studying biliary pathology and its complications, from abnormal liver function results, right upper quadrant pain, or jaundice, to cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, or suspicion of biliary tumors (AU)

[Ultrasound of gallbladder and bile duct]. / Ecografía de la vesícula y la vía biliar.

The cystic nature of the gallbladder and bile duct when dilated, and the advantages of ultrasound as a quick, reproducible, convenient, cheap and low risk technique, with a high sensitivity and specificity, make it the most eligible technique in biliary pathology studies. Ultrasound has become a valuable tool for doctors studying biliary pathology and its complications, from abnormal liver function results, right upper quadrant pain, or jaundice, to cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, or suspicion of biliary tumors.

[Liver ultrasound: focal lesions and diffuse diseases]. / Ecografía hepática: lesiones focales y enfermedades difusas.

Liver ultrasound is frequently used as a first-line technique for the detection and characterization of the most common liver lesions, especially those incidentally found focal liver lesions, and for monitoring of chronic liver diseases. Ultrasound is not only used in the Bmode, but also with Doppler and, more recently, contrast-enhanced ultrasound. It is mainly used in the diagnosis of diffuse liver diseases, such as steatosis or cirrhosis. This article presents a practical approach for diagnosis workup, in which the different characteristics of the main focal liver lesions and diffuse liver diseases are reviewed.

[Ultrasound of spleen and retroperitoneum]. / Ecografía de bazo y retroperitoneo.

Ultrasound provides data of extremely great value when studying spleen pathology, being diagnostic in splenomegaly and splenic trauma, as well as offering a good approach to the diagnosis of both benign and malignant focal pathology, particularly lymphoma. However, for the evaluation of adrenal and retroperitoneal diseases, other techniques such as CT or MRI are more suitable, even though ultrasound is still an excellent screening and monitoring method, as well as being useful in non-invasive therapeutic approaches.

[Ultrasound of the urinary system]. / Ecografía del aparato urinario.

Ultrasound techniques are able to provide a fairly complete examination of the urinary system, achieving a high sensitivity in relevant-pathology detection, especially in the kidney, bladder and prostate. Early detection of pathologies such as tumors or urinary tract obstructions, sometimes even before their clinical manifestation, has improved their management and prognosis in many cases. This, added to its low cost and harmlessness, makes ultrasound ideal for early approaches and follow-up of a wide number of urinary system pathologies. In this article, the ultrasound characteristics of the main urinary system pathologies that can be diagnosed by this technique, are reviewed.

Curso de ecografía abdominal. Introducción a la técnica ecográfica. Principios físicos. Lenguaje ecográfico / Abdominal ultrasound course an introduction to the ultrasound technique. Physical basis. Ultrasound language

La ecografía es una técnica diagnóstica no invasiva, asequible y versátil que emplea el ultrasonido para definir los órganos del cuerpo humano, sin radiaciones ionizantes, en tiempo real y con capacidad de visualizar varios planos. La gran rentabilidad diagnóstica de la técnica, unida a su facilidad de realización, y a las características antes mencionadas, la han colocado en la actualidad como un método de rutina en la práctica médica diaria. Es por esto por lo que, día tras día, se refuerza el carácter multidisciplinario de la técnica. Para una adecuada realización de la técnica se requiere tener conocimientos de los principios físicos del ultrasonido, del método e instrumental y de la anatomía humana, para así conseguir recopilar la máxima información posible y evitar errores de diagnóstico por mala interpretación u omisión de información (AU)

Ultrasound is a non-invasive, accessible, and versatile diagnostic technique that uses high frequency ultrasound waves to define outline the organs of the human body, with no ionising radiation, in real time and with the capacity to visual several planes. The high diagnostic yield of the technique, together with its ease of uses plus the previously mentioned characteristics, has currently made it a routine method in daily medical practice. It is for this reason that the multidisciplinary character of this technique is being strengthened every day. To be able to perform the technique correctly requires knowledge of the physical basis of ultrasound, the method and the equipment, as well as of the human anatomy, in order to have the maximum information possible to avoid diagnostic errors due to poor interpretation or lack of information (AU)

[Abdominal ultrasound course an introduction to the ultrasound technique. Physical basis. Ultrasound language]. / Curso de ecografía abdominal. Introducción a la técnica ecográfica. Principios físicos. Lenguaje ecográfico.

Ultrasound is a non-invasive, accessible, and versatile diagnostic technique that uses high frequency ultrasound waves to define outline the organs of the human body, with no ionising radiation, in real time and with the capacity to visual several planes. The high diagnostic yield of the technique, together with its ease of uses plus the previously mentioned characteristics, has currently made it a routine method in daily medical practice. It is for this reason that the multidisciplinary character of this technique is being strengthened every day. To be able to perform the technique correctly requires knowledge of the physical basis of ultrasound, the method and the equipment, as well as of the human anatomy, in order to have the maximum information possible to avoid diagnostic errors due to poor interpretation or lack of information.

Metodología y técnicas. Ecografía del muslo normal / No disponible

La ecografía músculo-esquelética es la que estudia los elementos del aparato locomotor, y entre ellos el muslo, utilizando una sonda lineal de alta frecuencia (7,5 Mhz-10Mh) y realizando cortes transversales y longitudinales con ecografía comparativa del lado contralateral y durante movimientos de contracción-relajación del miembro inferior. Las principales “indicaciones” son las lesiones musculares, tendinosas, ligamentosas, bursa y cápsula sinovial, y en general la patología deportiva, laboral, traumatológica, reumatológica y pericial para la valoración del daño corporal. El muslo está formado por tres compartimentos: anterior, posterior e interno. Pero previo al estudio ecográfico del músculo debemos realizar el estudio ecográfico de los distintos tejidos blandos adyacentes y asociadas a él: la piel, la grasa subcutánea, el hueso y periostio, la cápsula articular, el cartílago hialino, el tendón, las bolsas serosas o bursas y sinovial, la vaina sinovial y el músculo

Introduction to the musculoskeletal ultrasonography: it is the ultrasonography that is used to study the element of the locomotor apparatus, using the high frequency linear sound (7.5 Mhz-10 Mh) and making cross-sectional and longitudinal cuts with comparative ultrasonography of the contralateral side and during Contraction-Relaxation movements of the lower limb. The main indications are for muscle, tendon, ligament, synovial bursa and capsule injuries and in general in sports-related, work, tramatology, and rheumatology conditions and expert evaluation of body injury. The muscle is formed by three compartments: anterior, posterior and internal. However, prior to the ultrasonographic study of the muscle, we should perform the ultrasonographic study of the different adjacent and associated soft tissues: skin, subcutaneous fat, bone and periostium, articular capsule, hyaline cartilage, tendon, serous or bursa and synovial sac, synovial sheath and muscle