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Background: Social networking sites (SNSs) play an important role in many aspects of life nowadays, and it seems to be crucial to explore their impact on human well-being and functioning. The main aim of the study was to examine the mediating role of Facebook intrusion between positive capital and general distress. Positive capital was considered as comprising self-esteem, ego-resiliency, and self-control, while general distress was seen as having three dimensions: depression, anxiety, and stress. Methods: The sample consisted of N = 4,495 participants (M = 22.96 years, SD = 5.46) from 14 countries: Australia, Cyprus, Greece, Hong Kong, Lithuania, New Zealand, Peru, Poland, Russia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and United States. We used the following methods: the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ), the Self-Esteem Scale (SES), the Brief Self-Control Scale (SCS), The Ego Resiliency Revised Scale and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Results: We found that Facebook intrusion was a mediator between self-esteem and general distress and between self-control and general distress. Limitations: The present study was based on a cross-sectional study, and the measures used were self-report measures. The majority of the participants were recruited using convenience sampling. Conclusions: The present findings contribute to a better understanding on how the social media have impact on individual mental health. Implications for future studies are discussed.
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OBJETIVO: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue obtener datos normativos de la Escala de Cansancio Emocional en estudiantes de psicología de 3 universidades privadas de Lima. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Esta investigación se llevó a cabo con una muestra de 1.102 estudiantes de psicología (77% mujeres) de entre 16 y 56 años (M = 21,09; DE = 4,570). Fueron utilizadas la Escala de Cansancio Emocional, la Escala de Autoeficacia Percibida Específica de Situaciones Académicas, el Patient Health Questionnarie-2 y la Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2. Fue implementado un análisis factorial de grupo múltiple para el análisis de invarianza, el cálculo de percentiles para la elaboración de los baremos y los análisis comparativos fueron ejecutados con la t de Student y ANOVA, acompañados con medidas de magnitud del efecto. RESULTADOS: La invarianza de medición recibió evidencia favorable y los indicadores de confiabilidad (alfa, omega y eta) fueron adecuados. Las puntuaciones de la Escala de Cansancio Emocional no se aproximan a la normalidad, y por ello los baremos se elaboraron con base en percentiles. Los puntos de corte poseen una confiabilidad elevada, y las categorías obtenidas tienen una buena capacidad discriminativa en contraste con criterios externos (autoeficacia académica, ansiedad y depresión). Finalmente, la diferencia hallada entre varones y mujeres carece de significación práctica. CONCLUSIONES: Con base en la evidencia presentada, los baremos elaborados son útiles para estudios relacionados con la prevalencia del agotamiento emocional, y pueden ser utilizados tanto en varones como en mujeres
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the present study was to obtain normative data from the Emotional Exhaustion Scale in psychology students from three private universities in Lima. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research study was carried out with a sample of 1,102 psychology students (77% females) age ranged between 16 and 56 years (M = 21.09; SD = 4.570). The instruments used to measure the constructs were: the Emotional Exhaustion Scale, the Scale of Specific Perceived Self-Efficacy of Academic Situations, the Patient Health Questionnaire-2, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2. In order to test measurement invariance a multi-group confirmatory factor analyses was conducted, likewise, the computation of percentiles, effect size and comparative analyses by means of T-Test and ANOVA were performed. RESULTS: There was evidence of measurement invariance and the reliability coefficients (alpha, Omega and Eta) were adequate. The Emotional Exhaustion Scale scores are non-normal distributed, and so the scale was elaborated on the basis of percentiles. Cut-off points have high reliability, and the categories obtained have good discriminative capacity in association with external criteria (academic self-efficacy, anxiety and depression). Finally, we did not find any practical significance among men and women. CONCLUSION: Based on the evidence presented, the elaborated scales are useful for studies related to the prevalence of emotional exhaustion, and can be used in both men and women
