Sick leave during pregnancy: a longitudinal study of rates and risk factors in a Norwegian population.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of, reasons given for, and factors associated with sick leave during pregnancy. DESIGN: Longitudinal, population-based descriptive study. SETTING: Akershus University Hospital, Norway. POPULATION: All women scheduled to give birth at the hospital (November 2008 to April 2010). METHODS: Consenting women were handed a questionnaire at the routine ultrasound check at 17 weeks of gestation. Women returning this questionnaire received a second questionnaire at 32 weeks of gestation. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations with somatic, psychiatric and social factors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates and duration of sick leave. RESULTS: By 32 weeks of gestation, 63.2% of the 2918 women included were on sick leave, and 75.3% had been on sick leave at some point during their pregnancy. Pelvic girdle pain and fatigue/sleep problems were the main reasons given for sick leave. Being on sick leave in all trimesters was strongly associated with hyperemesis, exercising less than weekly, chronic pain before or during pregnancy, infertility treatment (all P < 0.001); younger maternal age, conflicts in the workplace (both P < 0.01); multiparity, previous depression, insomnia and lower education (all P < 0.05). Sick leave was associated with elective caesarean section and higher infant birthweight (P < 0.01). Adjustment of the work situation was associated with 1 week shorter duration of sick leave. CONCLUSIONS: Most women receive sick leave during pregnancy, but sick leave might not be caused by pregnancy alone. Previous medical and psychiatric history, work conditions and socio-economic factors need to be addressed to understand sick leave during pregnancy.

Subjective and objective sleep among depressed and non-depressed postnatal women.

OBJECTIVE: Women sleep less in the postnatal period and it has been suggested that mothers diagnosed with depression alternatively could be suffering from the effects of chronic sleep deprivation. METHOD: From a population-based study, we recruited 42 women, of whom 21 scored >or=10 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Sleep was registered by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), sleep diaries and actigraphy 2 months after delivery. RESULTS: There were significant differences in subjective sleep measured retrospectively by the PSQI between depressed and non-depressed women. In contrast, there were no significant differences in sleep measured prospectively by sleep diaries and actigraphy. Both depressed and non-depressed women had impaired sleep efficiency (82%) and were awake for about 1.5 h during the night. Primipara had worse sleep, measured by actigraphy, compared with multipara. CONCLUSION: Measured objectively and prospectively, women with depression did not have worse sleep than non-depressed women.