Patients' experiences with physical holding and mechanical restraint in the psychiatric care: an interview study.

BACKGROUND: In the continuous work to reduce the use of coercion in psychiatric care, attention in Denmark has especially been directed towards mechanical restraint. While the use of mechanical restraint is currently decreasing, an increase in other types of coercion is observed (e.g. medication and hour-long episodes of physical holding). Physical holding has, in this cultural context, been considered less intrusive to a patient's autonomy than the use of mechanical restraint. However, no study has yet compared the experiences of the patients on these two types of coercion in the same population. The objective of this study was to explore patients' perspectives on physical holding and mechanical restraint, respectively. METHODS: Audio-recorded, semi-structured interviews following an interview guide were conducted with patients sharing their experiences with both types of coercion. The interviews were transcribed verbatim. The analytical approach was based on the principles of thematic content analysis. RESULTS: Nine informants were interviewed between September 2020 and April 2021. Four main themes were identified: experiences with physical holding, experiences with mechanical restraint, the effects of coercion on patients and their relation to mental health care, and improved mental health care. CONCLUSION: It is inconclusive which type of restraint the patients preferred. This challenges the present hierarchy of coercive measures. To avoid coercion in the first place more communication and time with the patient are needed.

Time trends in co-occurring substance use and psychiatric illness (dual diagnosis) from 2000 to 2017 - a nationwide study of Danish register data.

OBJECTIVE: This article aims to describe the time trend in number of dual diagnosis patients treated in the psychiatric system in Denmark from 2000 to 2017. METHOD: We calculated the share of patients with dual diagnosis, number of dual diagnosis contacts, number of unique individuals with dual diagnosis as well as number of new patients with dual diagnosis among patients in psychiatric treatment, i.e. among inpatients, outpatients and patients in emergency departments. In order to calculate this, we merged data from the National Patient Register (NPR), the National Registry of Alcohol Treatment, the National treatment registry for substance use, the National Prescription Registry and the Danish National Health Service register in the period from 2000 to 2017. RESULTS: We found an overall increase in patients with dual diagnosis in psychiatric treatment in Denmark from 2000 to 2017. We further detected an increase in the age and sex-standardized number of patients with dual diagnosis in treatment over time, however most markedly for outpatients. Further, inclusion of data from other sources of data than the NPR dramatically increased the number of patients that could be identified as dual diagnosis patients. Using these data, almost half of all male inpatients could be identified as dual diagnosis while the share was more than 40% for patients with schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders (F2) and patients with personality disorders (F6). CONCLUSIONS: The increase of individual diagnosis patients necessitates action at different levels. This includes improvement of preventive measures as well as improvement of treatment for this underserved group.

REDD-PAC Cohort Description: Researching Dual Diagnosis - Prognosis and Characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: Evidence from real-world integrated dual diagnosis treatment programs is limited. In 2017 we decided to establish the REDD-PAC cohort with the aim to provide more in-depth information regarding the effect of integrated treatment. METHODS: The REDD-PAC cohort includes more than 2,500 patients with dual diagnosis that have been treated at an in-patient department specializing in the integrated treatment of both psychiatric illness and substance use disorder in Denmark in the period from 2002 to 2017. The collected data included information on diagnosis as well as patient-completed questionnaires regarding anxiety, depression, self-worth, and use of substances. Data regarding medications prescribed and administered, weight, height, and blood pressure were also included. RESULTS: The primary diagnosis was psychosis spectrum disorder (37.0%), followed by affective disorders (18.8%). More than two-thirds of the patients were male, and most patients had a weak connection to the labor market and basic schooling. Patients were generally very motivated for treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Further linking the data to Danish national register data makes it possible to follow individual trajectories pre- and post-admission as well as to access complete follow-up data regarding long-term outcomes, e.g., use of health services, mortality, morbidity, crime, and social circumstances. This article describes both the overarching aims of the REDD-PAC cohort and the basic diagnostic and sociodemographic characteristics of the cohort.

Scalability of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in first-episode schizophrenia assessed by Rasch models.

OBJECTIVE: Historically, assessment of the psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) has had several foci: (1) calculation of reliability indexes, (2) extraction of subdimensions from the scale, and (3) assessment of the validity of the total score. In this study, we aimed to examine the scalability and to assess the clinical performance of the 30-item PANSS total score as well as the scalability of a shorter version (PANSS-6) of the scale. METHODS: A composite data set of 1073 patients with first-episode schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorder was subjected to Rasch analysis of PANSS data from baseline and 4-6 weeks follow-up. RESULTS: The central tests of fit of the Rasch model failed to satisfy the statistical requirements behind item homogeneity for the PANSS-30 as well as the PANSS-6 total score. For the PANSS-30, Differential Item Functioning was pronounced both for the 7-point Likert scale rating categories and when dichotomizing the rating categories. Subsequently, the Rasch structure analysis in the context of dichotomized items was used to isolate and estimate a systematic error because of item inhomogeneity, as well as a random error. The size of the combined sources of error for the PANSS-30 total score approximated 20% which is often regarded as clinical cut-off between response versus no-response. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate the operational consequences of a lack of statistical fit of the Rasch model and suggest that the calculated measure of uncertainty needs to be considered when using the PANSS-30 total score.

[Virtual reality as therapy in psychiatry].

This review describes the growing research in virtual reality (VR) for healthcare purposes. In recent years, the technological improvements have expanded the possibility of investigating VR in diagnostics as well as treatment of mental and behavioural disorders. The existing literature regarding phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, addiction, psychotic, eating and affective disorders is summarised and discussed in terms of clinical applicability.

Rasch analysis of the PANSS negative subscale and exploration of negative symptom trajectories in first-episode schizophrenia - data from the OPTiMiSE trial.

The observed heterogeneity in negative symptom treatment response may be partly attributable to inadequate measurement tools or limitations in methods of analysis. Previous Item Response Theory models of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) have only examined samples of chronic patients and with mixed results. We examined the scalability of the negative subscale embedded in the PANSS and subsequently explored negative symptom trajectories across four weeks of amisulpride treatment. Data were derived from the OPTiMiSE trial comprising 446 patients with first-episode schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder. Using the Rasch Model to examine psychometric properties of the PANSS negative subscale, we found that the composite score across items was not an adequate measure of negative symptom severity. Consequently, we chose an exploratory statistical approach involving Principal Component Analysis which yielded one significant component clustering into two significant symptom trajectories: 1) Subtle but constant decrease in negative symptom severity (N = 323; 72%), and 2) symptom instability across visits (N = 19; 4%). Explorative analytic methods as presented here may pave the way for more efficient and sensitive methods of analyzing negative symptom response in research and in clinical practice.

Sexual dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenia before and after six weeks of D2/3 receptor blockade - An exploratory study.

Sexual side-effects along with antipsychotic treatment may be linked to hyperprolactinemia and dopamine D2 receptor blockade. High prevalence of sexual dysfunction in un-medicated patients challenges the notion of sexual dysfunction as merely a side-effect of antipsychotic medication. Sexual dysfunction was assessed in fifty-six initially antipsychotic-naïve patients with schizophrenia using the UKU (Udvalget for Kliniske Undersøgelser) questionnaire. Serum-prolactin was obtained before and after six weeks of D2/3 receptor blockade with amisulpride. At baseline 68% of patients reported one or more items of sexual dysfunction (males > females,), but the cumulative load of sexual dysfunction was similar in males and females. After 6 weeks treatment with amisulpride (mean dose 279 mg/day), 65% of patients reported one or more items of sexual dysfunctions (females > males). There was a significant sex*time interaction on mean sexual dysfunction load. All patients developed hyperprolactinaemia, and a significant effect of time and sex was found on s-prolactin (females > males). The results support that patients with schizophrenia report high levels of sexual dysfunction before antipsychotic exposure. After treatment, sexual side-effects were more frequent in females, coinciding with pronounced serum-prolactin increases. These findings suggest sex differences in sexual dysfunction before and after antipsychotic treatment.