Acute Toxicity of Fresh and Aged Residues of Pesticides to the Parasitoid Tamarixia radiata and to the HLB-Bacteria Vector Diaphorina citri.

One method for controlling the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, the vector of the putative causal agent of Huanglongbing, uses the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston). However, the general intensive use of insecticides has reduced the numbers of this parasitoid. This study evaluated the effect of the residual action of 24 insecticides on T. radiata and also determined the differential toxicity of insecticides to D. citri and T. radiata, using three bioassays. In the first, when adults of the parasitoid were exposed to residues of the 24 insecticides, ten were considered short-life (class 1), six slightly persistent (class 2), five moderately persistent (class 3), and three insecticides were considered persistent (class 4), under the IOBC/WPRS classification system. The second bioassay evaluated the sublethal concentrations of the persistent insecticides (formetanate, dimethoate, spinosad). Increasing the concentrations of the insecticides increased the number that were classified as persistent. In the third bioassay, evaluation of the differential toxicity of eight insecticides to the ACP and the parasitoid showed that chlorpyrifos and bifenthrin were more harmful to T. radiata. Therefore, these two insecticides are not recommended for application at the time of parasitoid release. Cypermethrin, imidacloprid, and dimethoate caused higher mortality of D. citri and are most often recommended in IPM programs. The choice of an insecticide for the control of citrus pests must be made with care, aiming to preserve the natural enemies in the ecosystem, and thereby contribute to the success of biological control.

Selection of an Artificial Diet for Laboratory Rearing of Opogona sacchari (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) (Bojer, 1856).

The banana moth Opogona sacchari (Bojer) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) is a polyphagous pest that can cause serious damage, in particular to banana crops in southern Brazil. The insect is a quarantine pest in several countries, including Argentina, the main consumer market for bananas from southern Brazil. Little information is available about the biology and ecology of this moth, such as a suitable diet for laboratory rearing. In order to provide support for integrated pest management of the pest, this study furnished data for selecting two diets suitable for continuous laboratory rearing of O. sacchari, one based on dried beans, wheat germ, soy bran, brewer's yeast, and casein and another diet with wheat germ and casein as protein sources. With both diets, the viability of the egg-adult period exceeded 68%, with fertility over 338 eggs per female. A corrected biotic potential analysis gave similar values for the two diets.

Presidential Address: XXVI International Biometric Conference, Kobe, Japan, August 2012 education in developing countries--the role of IBS.

Here we discuss the building of statistical knowledge, mainly in developing countries. We highlight some words from Past IBS Presidents and IBS actions that show the role of IBS in education with an emphasis on developing countries. Some examples show that international exchanges are a well-known way of improving the quality of teaching, learning and research and stress the point that individual initiatives are very important (and fruitful) for education, but we should encourage some more general actions.

Molecular surveillance of the Newcastle disease virus in domestic and wild birds on the North Eastern Coast and Amazon biome of Brazil

Brazil is one of the world's largest countries with a rich diversity of wildlife, including resident and migratory wild birds, which may be natural reservoirs of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Because Brazil is a major global exporter of chicken meat, the emergence of such a disease may have a huge negative impact not only on the economy due to trade restrictions and embargoes, but also on the quality of life of the population. Samples were collected from 1,022 asymptomatic domestic and wild birds from the Brazilian coast and the Amazon region using tracheal/cloacal swabs and tested by RT-qPCR. The results showed 7 (0.7%) birds were positive for NDV. The positive samples were then isolated in embryonated chicken eggs and their matrix protein genes were partially sequenced, revealing a low-pathogenicity NDV. This study confirms the maintenance of the velogenic-NDV free status of Brazil.(AU)

Molecular surveillance of the Newcastle disease virus in domestic and wild birds on the North Eastern Coast and Amazon biome of Brazil

Brazil is one of the world's largest countries with a rich diversity of wildlife, including resident and migratory wild birds, which may be natural reservoirs of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Because Brazil is a major global exporter of chicken meat, the emergence of such a disease may have a huge negative impact not only on the economy due to trade restrictions and embargoes, but also on the quality of life of the population. Samples were collected from 1,022 asymptomatic domestic and wild birds from the Brazilian coast and the Amazon region using tracheal/cloacal swabs and tested by RT-qPCR. The results showed 7 (0.7%) birds were positive for NDV. The positive samples were then isolated in embryonated chicken eggs and their matrix protein genes were partially sequenced, revealing a low-pathogenicity NDV. This study confirms the maintenance of the velogenic-NDV free status of Brazil.

Factors affecting conception rates following artificial insemination or embryo transfer in lactating Holstein cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors that may affect conception rates (CR) following artificial insemination (AI) or embryo transfer (ET) in lactating Holstein cows. Estrous cycling cows producing 33.1 +/- 7.2 kg of milk/d received PGF2alpha injections and were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 groups (AI or ET). Cows detected in estrus (n = 387) between 48 and 96 h after the PGF2alpha injection received AI (n = 227) 12 h after detection of estrus or ET (n = 160) 6 to 8 d later (1 fresh embryo, grade 1 or 2, produced from nonlactating cows). Pregnancy was diagnosed at 28 and 42 d after estrus, and embryonic loss occurred when a cow was pregnant on d 28 but not pregnant on d 42. Ovulation, conception, and embryonic loss were analyzed by a logistic model to evaluate the effects of covariates [days in milk (DIM), milk yield, body temperature (BT) at d 7 and 14 post-AI, and serum concentration of progesterone (P4) at d 7 and 14 post-AI] on the probability of success. The first analysis included all cows that were detected in estrus. The CR of AI and ET were different on d 28 (AI, 32.6% vs. ET, 49.4%) and 42 (AI, 29.1% vs. ET, 38.8%) and were negatively influenced by high BT (d 7) and DIM. The second analysis included only cows with a corpus luteum on d 7. Ovulation rate was 84.8% and was only negatively affected by DIM. Conception rates of AI and ET were different on d 28 (AI, 37.9% vs. ET, 59.4%) and 42 (AI, 33.8% vs. ET, 46.6%) and were negatively influenced by high BT (d 7). The third analysis included only ovulating cows that were 7 d postestrus. Conception rates of AI and ET were different on d 28 (AI, 37.5% vs. ET, 63.2%) and 42 (AI, 31.7% vs. ET, 51.7%) and were negatively influenced by high BT (d 7). There was a positive effect of serum concentration of P4 and a negative effect of milk production on the probability of conception for the AI group but not for the ET group. The fourth analysis was embryonic loss (AI, 10.8% vs. ET, 21.5%). The transfer of fresh embryos is an important tool to increase the probability of conception of lactating Holstein cows because it can bypass the negative effects of milk production and low P4 on the early embryo. The superiority of ET vs. AI is more evident in high-producing cows. High BT measured on d 7 had a negative effect on CR and embryonic retention.

DETECTION OF FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS VIRUS (FIPV) USING PCR. / DETECÇÃO DO VÍRUS DA PERITONITE INFECCIOSA FELINA (FIPV) POR MEIO DA PCR.

A peritonite infecciosa dos felinos (PIF) é uma doença geralmente fatal de felinos selvagens e domésticos. O agente etiológico da PIF (Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus, FIPV) é um coronavírus; um RNA vírus envelopado de fita simples da família Coronaviridae. O presente artigo relata a padronização e a aplicação de um método de diagnóstico de PIF baseado em PCR do gene codificador da proteína S do FIPV. Amostras de efusão pleural ou peritonial de 11 gatos e 1 leoa e amostras de soro sangüíneo de 10 gatos com efusão cavitária foram enviadas ao Laboratório de Virologia da FMVZ-USP. Das 22 amostras testadas, apenas uma, referente a uma efusão pleural, mostrou-se positiva pela PCR. Hipóteses ligadas ao diagnóstico clínico, à dinâmica da infecção viral e a características intrínsecas das amostras podem ser utilizadas para explicar o número de amostras negativas. A técnica de PCR aqui descrita apresenta-se como uma alternativa para o diagnóstico da peritonite infecciosa dos felinos. Aliada aos diagnósticos sorológico e histopatológico, é uma ferramenta que vem ajudar a esclarecer a etiologia e a epidemiologia da doença em diversas espécies, permitindo um entendimento da cadeia de transmissão e da dinâmica e patogenia virais e da necessidade de vacinas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Peritonite. Felina. Diagnóstico. PCR.

Detection of feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv) using pcr / Detecção do vírus da peritonite infecciosa felina (fipv) por meio da pcr

A peritonite infecciosa dos felinos (PIF) é uma doença geralmente fatal de felinos selvagens e domésticos. O agente etiológico da PIF (Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus, FIPV) é um coronavírus; um RNA vírus envelopado de fita simples da família Coronaviridae. O presente artigo relata a padronização e a aplicação de um método de diagnóstico de PIF baseado em PCR do gene codificador da proteína S do FIPV. Amostras de efusão pleural ou peritonial de 11 gatos e 1 leoa e amostras de soro sangüíneo de 10 gatos com efusão cavitária foram enviadas ao Laboratório de Virologia da FMVZ-USP. Das 22 amostras testadas, apenas uma, referente a uma efusão pleural, mostrou-se positiva pela PCR. Hipóteses ligadas ao diagnóstico clínico, à dinâmica da infecção viral e a características intrínsecas das amostras podem ser utilizadas para explicar o número de amostras negativas. A técnica de PCR aqui descrita apresenta-se como uma alternativa para o diagnóstico da peritonite infecciosa dos felinos. Aliada aos diagnósticos sorológico e histopatológico, é uma ferramenta que vem ajudar a esclarecer a etiologia e a epidemiologia da doença em diversas espécies, permitindo um entendimento da cadeia de transmissão e da dinâmica e patogenia virais e da necessidade de vacinas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Peritonite. Felina. Diagnóstico. PCR.

DETECTION OF FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS VIRUS (FIPV) USING PCR. / DETECÇÃO DO VÍRUS DA PERITONITE INFECCIOSA FELINA (FIPV) POR MEIO DA PCR.

A peritonite infecciosa dos felinos (PIF) é uma doença geralmente fatal de felinos selvagens e domésticos. O agente etiológico da PIF (Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus, FIPV) é um coronavírus; um RNA vírus envelopado de fita simples da família Coronaviridae. O presente artigo relata a padronização e a aplicação de um método de diagnóstico de PIF baseado em PCR do gene codificador da proteína S do FIPV. Amostras de efusão pleural ou peritonial de 11 gatos e 1 leoa e amostras de soro sangüíneo de 10 gatos com efusão cavitária foram enviadas ao Laboratório de Virologia da FMVZ-USP. Das 22 amostras testadas, apenas uma, referente a uma efusão pleural, mostrou-se positiva pela PCR. Hipóteses ligadas ao diagnóstico clínico, à dinâmica da infecção viral e a características intrínsecas das amostras podem ser utilizadas para explicar o número de amostras negativas. A técnica de PCR aqui descrita apresenta-se como uma alternativa para o diagnóstico da peritonite infecciosa dos felinos. Aliada aos diagnósticos sorológico e histopatológico, é uma ferramenta que vem ajudar a esclarecer a etiologia e a epidemiologia da doença em diversas espécies, permitindo um entendimento da cadeia de transmissão e da dinâmica e patogenia virais e da necessidade de vacinas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Peritonite. Felina. Diagnóstico. PCR.

Tests of proportional hazards and proportional odds models for grouped survival data.

In this paper, we derive score test statistics to discriminate between proportional hazards and proportional odds models for grouped survival data. These models are embedded within a power family transformation in order to obtain the score tests. In simple cases, some small-sample results are obtained for the score statistics using Monte Carlo simulations. Score statistics have distributions well approximated by the chi-squared distribution. Real examples illustrate the proposed tests.

Acute toxicity (LD50 and CD50) of lidocaine and prilocaine in combination with adrenaline and felypressin.

The toxicity of the combination of vasoconstrictors to local anaesthetic solutions has been debated since its first use in the beginning of this century. A combination of two vasoconstrictors to a local anaesthetic has been proposed by some researchers. In this study they were evaluated the acute toxicity (lethal dose 50%, convulsion dose 50%) and latency times of loss of righting reflex and convulsion as well as the duration of convulsion) of 2% lidocaine or 3% prilocaine, when administered in combination with adrenaline and felypressin at various concentrations. Lethal dose 50% studies showed that for both anaesthetics the solutions with higher concentrations of adrenaline were more toxic. The opposite was observed in the convulsion dose 50% studies. No alterations were observed in the control groups. All lidocaine solutions increased the latency of loss of righting reflex. The latency of convulsion was increased in some groups, but once the convulsion was achieved there was no difference in its duration. There was no statistical difference among prilocaine groups for any of the variables studied. Based on the experimental model studied, it was concluded that there is no advantage in the association of two vasoconstrictors concerning the toxicity of lidocaine and prilocaine solutions.

Involvement of calcium in the cardiac depressant actions of a garlic dialysate.

In order to elucidate a possible role for calcium on the negative cardiotropic effects of a garlic (Allium sativum L., Liliaceae) dialysate in rat atria we studied: (a) the effects of our extract 15 min after preincubation with high and low concentrations of extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]o) on left and right activity of rat atria. The negative inotropism of garlic dialysate increased with calcium 0.75 mM; in contrast, high level of calcium (4.5 mM) induced a significant reduction of this depressant effect. None of these treatments modified the negative chronotropism of garlic; (b) nifedipine (10(-9) to 10(-7) M, verapamil (10(-9) to 10(-7) M) and diltiazem (10(-9) to 10(-7) M) induced a concentration-dependent synergism of the log concentration-effect of garlic dialysate on left atria. Verapamil and diltiazem (10(-7)M), but not nifedipine increased the inhibitory chronotropism of garlic in right atria; (c) negative inotropic and chronotropic effects demonstrated by nifedipine (1 x 10(-10) to 1.1 x 10(-6) M) were antagonized as expected by preincubation with Bay K-8644. Depressant actions of garlic were not modified with this pretreatment. These results suggest that the negative inotropic effect of our garlic dialysate is related to [Ca2+]o availability. It is possible that a restriction of intracellular calcium contributes to this effect. However, the negative chronotropic effect of garlic is scarcely affected by these modifications.

Oftalmopatías en diabetes / Ophthalmopaties in diabetes

En el presente trabajo se refleja la labor realizada durante un año (mayo 1983 a mayo 1984) en las Cátedras de Nutrición y Oftalmología del Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, relacionada con los pacientes internados, haciendo en la retinopatía diabética. Fueron estudiados 100 pacientes, 85 de los cuales padecían Diabetes Mellitus con la siguiente proporción: 58 casos diabetes tipo I y 27 con diabetes tipo II. De los 85 pacientes diabéticos estudiados, 44 presentaban diferentes grados de alteración retinopática. Respecto al tipo de retinopatía, fue casi similar la distribución de retinopatía proliferativa y no proliferativa. La mayor cantidad de casos observados fue en los pacientes diabéticos tipo I. Fueron estudiadas las diferencias por sexo y tipo de diabetes. Las lesiones de catarata fueron más frecuentes en los diabéticos tipo II. Se realizó también un estudio acerca de las alteraciones del metabolismo lipídico observadas en el mismo grupo de pacientes

Oftalmopatías en diabetes / Ophthalmopaties in diabetes

En el presente trabajo se refleja la labor realizada durante un año (mayo 1983 a mayo 1984) en las Cátedras de Nutrición y Oftalmología del Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, relacionada con los pacientes internados, haciendo en la retinopatía diabética. Fueron estudiados 100 pacientes, 85 de los cuales padecían Diabetes Mellitus con la siguiente proporción: 58 casos diabetes tipo I y 27 con diabetes tipo II. De los 85 pacientes diabéticos estudiados, 44 presentaban diferentes grados de alteración retinopática. Respecto al tipo de retinopatía, fue casi similar la distribución de retinopatía proliferativa y no proliferativa. La mayor cantidad de casos observados fue en los pacientes diabéticos tipo I. Fueron estudiadas las diferencias por sexo y tipo de diabetes. Las lesiones de catarata fueron más frecuentes en los diabéticos tipo II. Se realizó también un estudio acerca de las alteraciones del metabolismo lipídico observadas en el mismo grupo de pacientes (AU)

El drenage en la cirugia del desprendimiento de retina. / Drainage in the surgery of retinal detachment

Luego de analizar brevemente algunos temas relacionados con el empleo del drenaje en las operaciones de desprendimiento de retina, los autores describen la tecnica que consideran mas adecuada y relatan su experiencia personal en la materia. Concluyen destacando la importancia de la correcta indicacion y cuidadosa ejecucion del mismo para obtener mejores resultados y disminuir, en lo posible, el numero de complicaciones

El drenage en la cirugia del desprendimiento de retina. / Drainage in the surgery of retinal detachment

Luego de analizar brevemente algunos temas relacionados con el empleo del drenaje en las operaciones de desprendimiento de retina, los autores describen la tecnica que consideran mas adecuada y relatan su experiencia personal en la materia. Concluyen destacando la importancia de la correcta indicacion y cuidadosa ejecucion del mismo para obtener mejores resultados y disminuir, en lo posible, el numero de complicaciones