Ventilator hyperinflation associated with flow bias optimization in the bronchial hygiene of mechanically ventilated patients.

BACKGROUND: Ventilation configurations are of great clinical importance for adequate outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients, and they may even be used as specific physical therapy techniques. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of lung hyperinflation through mechanical ventilation (HMV) with HMV plus flow bias optimization regarding respiratory mechanics, hemodynamics, and volume of secretion. METHODS: Patients mechanically ventilated > 24 h were included in this randomized crossover clinical trial. The following techniques were applied: HMV alone (control group) and HMV plus flow bias optimization (intervention group). RESULTS: The 20 included patients underwent both techniques, totaling 40 collections. A total of 52 % were women, the mean age was 60.8 (SD, 15.7) years, and the mean mechanical ventilation time was 4.3 (SD, 3.0) days. The main cause of mechanical ventilation was sepsis (44 %). Expiratory flow bias in optimized HMV was higher. than conventional HMV (p < 0.001). The volume of tracheal secretions collected was higher during optimized than conventional HMV. (p = 0.012). Significant differences in peak flow occurred at the beginning of the technique and a there was a significant decrease in respiratory system resistance immediately and 30 min after applying the technique in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: The volume of tracheal secretions collected was higher during optimized HMV, and, HMV with flow bias optimization resulted in lower respiratory system resistance and flow peaks and produced expiratory flow bias.

Timed Up and Go na avaliação da fragilidade de pessoas idosas agricultoras do Rio Grande do Sul: estudo transversal / Timed Up and Go in assessing the frailty of older farmers in Rio Grande do Sul: cross-sectional study

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar a sensibilidade do teste Timed Up and Go test (TUG) como preditor da síndrome da fragilidade do idoso (SFI) da população rural idosa do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e identificar a prevalência de SFI nessa população. Método Estudo transversal, realizado com 604 agricultores com mais de 60 anos de idade (321 homens e 283 mulheres) identificados por meio de conglomerados estruturados a partir das regionais da Federação dos Trabalhadores da Agricultura do Rio Grande do Sul (FETAG-RS) e respectivos sindicatos. Além de variáveis demográficas (sexo, idade), foi avaliada a mobilidade funcional mediante a realização do TUG e a fragilidade referida. A curva Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) foi construída para avaliar um ponto de corte do teste TUG para fragilidade. Resultados A SFI ou fragilidade foi identificada em 52,5% (n=317) da população pesquisada; 35,1% (n=212) pré-frageis e 12,4% (n=75) não-frágeis. E o tempo médio de realização do TUG em relação ao sexo foi de 11,6 segundos para mulheres e 10,8 segundos para homens (p=0,0001). A progressão da idade esteve relacionada com maior tempo de realização do teste (idosos jovens - 60-64 anos; idosos mais velhos -75-79 e longevos - 80+ - p=0,0001). A curva ROC indicou 10 segundos na execução do teste TUG como melhor ponto de corte para diagnóstico da SF em idosos rurais. Conclusão A frequência de fragilidade e pré-fragilidade nesta pesquisa, indicam uma condição de vulnerabilidade do trabalhador rural do RS no seu processo de envelhecimento. Demonstrando, a partir do teste TUG, características de mobilidade funcional e risco de fragilidade dos agricultores mais velhos, importantes para considerações futuras sobre as singularidades da saúde dessa população e intervenções profissionais necessárias.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the sensitivity of the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) as a predictor of frailty syndrome in the elderly (IFS) in the elderly rural population of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and to identify the prevalence of IFS in this population. Method Cross-sectional study, carried out with 604 farmers over 60 years of age (321 men and 283 women) identified through clusters structured from the regions of the Federation of Agricultural Workers of Rio Grande do Sul (FETAG-RS) and respective unions. In addition to demographic variables (gender, age), functional mobility was assessed by performing the TUG and reported frailty. The Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to assess a TUG test cutoff point for frailty. Results IFS or frailty was identified in 52.5% (n=317) of the surveyed population; 35.1% (n=212) pre-frail and 12.4% (n=75) non-frail. And the mean time to perform the TUG varied according to gender was 11.6 seconds for women and 10.8 seconds for men - (p=0.0001). The progression of age was related to longer time spent on the age test (young elderly - 60-64 years old; older elderly -75-79 and oldest old - 80+ - p=0.0001). The ROC curve indicated 10 seconds in the execution of the TUG test as the best cutoff point for diagnosing the SF frailty syndrome in rural elderly. Conclusion The frequency of frailty and pre-frailty in this research indicates a condition of vulnerability of rural workers in RS in their aging process. Demonstrating, from the TUG test, characteristics of functional mobility and risk of frailty of older farmers, important for future considerations on the singularities of the health of this population and necessary professional interventions.

Sarcopenia, oxidative stress and inflammatory process in muscle of cirrhotic rats - Action of melatonin and physical exercise.

Sarcopenia is one of the most common features of cirrhosis, contributing to morbidity and mortality in this population. We aimed to evaluate the effect of melatonin (MLT) and exercise (EX) on the quadriceps muscle in rats with biliary cirrhosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). We used 48 males (mean weight = 300 g), divided into eight groups. A 20 mg/Kg MLT dose was administered via i.p. (1 x daily), and the EX, the animals were set to swim in couples for 10 min each day. Upon completion, blood, liver, and quadriceps samples were taken for analysis. In the liver enzymes analysis and comet assay results, a reduction was observed in the groups treated with MLT with/or EX comparing to the BDL group. In the evaluation of substances that react to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), nitric oxide levels (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels (TNF-α), there was a significant increase in the BDL group and a reduction in the treated groups. In the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) and interleukin-10 levels (IL-10) concentrations, there was a significant increase in the treated groups of the BDL group. Histological analysis revealed muscle hypotrophy in the BDL group in comparison with the control group (CO) and increased muscle mass in the treated groups. There was an increase in weight gain and phase angle in the groups treated with MLT with/or EX comparing to the BDL group. We suggest that treatments may contribute to the reduction of muscle changes in cirrhotic patients.

Força muscular respiratória e capacidade funcional em pacientes com doença renal crônica / Respiratory muscle force and functional capacity in patients with chronic kidney disease

A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) é caracterizada pela perda progressiva, irreversível e multifatorial da função renal que pode desencadear alterações nos diversos sistemas do organismo. A progressão da DRC leva ao desenvolvimento da miopatiaurêmica, que se caracteriza pela perda de músculos e redução da capacidade física. O presente estudo objetiva avaliar a força muscular respiratória e a capacidade funcional, bem como a relação entre os valores preditos e obtidos em pacientes com DRC submetidos a hemodiálise. A amostra foi composta por 17 pacientes com diagnóstico de DRC (com média de idade de 54,1±14,1 anos, massa de 64,2±11,8 kg, estatura 161,3±8,1 e índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 24,5±3,1 kg/m²) em acompanhamento no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre HCPA (CAAE 36473714.1.0000.5327). A funcionalidade dos pacientes foi avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6') e a força muscular respiratória através da manovacuometria. O tempo médio de tratamento em hemodiálise (THD) foi de 72,38±41,62 meses. A pressão inspiratória máxima (PI_máx) obtida foi menor que a PI_máx predita (71,5±25,5; 97,7±11 cm H2O; p=0,000), no entanto, não houve diferença entre a pressão expiratória máxima (PE_máx) obtida e a predita (100,53±36,56; 102,29±14,87 11 cm H2O; p= 0,474). Não foram encontradas correlações estatisticamente significativas entre as variáveis pulmonares e o TC6' e nem com o THD. Sugere-se que os pacientes com DRC desse estudo possuem fraqueza muscular inspiratória, no entanto, não foi encontrada relação entre a força muscular respiratória com a funcionalidade e com o tempo de hemodiálise.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is characterized by the progressive, irreversible and multifactorial loss of kidney function that can trigger changes in the various systems of the body. The progression of CKD leads to the development of uremic myopathy, characterized by muscle loss and reduced physical capacity. This study aims at evaluating respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity, as well as the relationship between predicted and obtained values in patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis. The sample consisted of 17 patients with a diagnosis of CKD (mean age 54.1 ± 14.1 years, body mass of 64.2 ± 11.8 kg, height 161.3 ± 8.1 and body mass index (BMI) of 24.5 ± 3.1 kg / m²) under follow-up at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre HCPA (CAAE 36473714.1.0000.5327). The patients' functionality was assessed by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and respiratory muscle strength through manovacuometry test. The mean treatment time on hemodialysis (THD) was 72.38 ± 41.62 months. The maximal inspiratory pressure (PI_max) obtained was lower than the predicted PI_max (71.5 ± 25.5, 97.7 ± 11 cm H2O, p = 0.000). However, there was no difference between the maximum expiratory pressure (PE_max) obtained and predicted (100.53 ± 36.56, 102.29 ± 14.87 11 cm H2O, p = 0.474). No statistically significant correlations were found between the pulmonary variables and the 6MWT nor the THD. It is suggested that patients with CKD in this study have inspiratory muscle weakness; however, no relationship was found between respiratory muscle strength and time and function of hemodialysis.

Effects of Combined Tracheal Suctioning and Expiratory Pause: A Crossover Randomized Clinical Trial.

AIMS: Our aim is to compare volume of suctioned secretion, respiratory mechanics, and hemodynamic parameters in intubated patients undergoing closed-system endotracheal suctioning alone (control group) versus closed-system tracheal suctioning with an expiratory pause (intervention group). SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Randomized crossover clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who had been on mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours were randomly assigned to receive closed-system suctioning alone or closed-system suctioning with an expiratory pause on the ventilator. The following variables were evaluated: heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, peripheral arterial oxygen saturation, peak inspiratory pressure, mechanical ventilator circuit pressure during aspiration, exhaled tidal volume, dynamic compliance, resistance, and weight of suctioned secretion. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Compared using the paired t-test and general linear model analysis of variance for normally distributed variables (as confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). The Wilcoxon test was used for variables with a nonparametric distribution, while the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for categorical variables. RESULTS: The sample comprised 31 patients (mean age, 61.1 ± 18.2 years). The amount of secretion suctioned was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (1.6 g vs 0.45 g; p = 0.0001). There were no significant changes in hemodynamic parameters or respiratory mechanics when comparing pre- and postprocedure time points. CONCLUSION: The combination of closed-system endotracheal suctioning and an expiratory pause significantly increased the amount of secretion suctioned compared to conventional suctioning without expiratory pause. KEY MESSAGES: Combination of closed-system endotracheal suctioning and an expiratory pause significantly increased the amount of secretion suctioned. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Martins LFG, Naue WS, Skueresky AS, Bianchi T, Dias AS, Forgiarini Junior LA. Effects of Combined Tracheal Suctioning and Expiratory Pause: A Crossover Randomized Clinical Trial. Indian J Crit Care Med 2019;23(10):454-457.

Relationship between pulmonary function, functional independence, and trunk control in patients with stroke.

OBJECTIVE: Stroke often leads to abnormalities in muscle tone, posture, and motor control that may compromise voluntary motor function, thus affecting the motor control required for maintaining the synergy of both peripheral and respiratory muscles. To evaluate respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, trunk control, and functional independence in patients with stroke and to correlate trunk control with the other variables. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed with stroke. We assessed respiratory muscle strength, trunk control as assessed by the Trunk Impairment Scale, spirometric variables, and the Functional Independence Measure. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were included. Pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength were significantly lower than predicted for the study population, and the mean Trunk Impairment Scale score was 14.3 points. The following significant correlations were found between the variables: trunk control vs. maximal inspiratory pressure (r = 0.26, p < 0.05); trunk control vs. forced vital capacity (r = 0.28, p < 0.05); trunk control vs. forced expiratory volume in one second (r = 0.29, p < 0.05), and trunk control vs. the Functional Independence Measure (r = 0.77, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study showed that respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, functional independence, and trunk control are reduced in patients diagnosed with stroke.

Simvastatin Reduces Hepatic Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Experimental Model.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of simvastatin in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by methionine and choline-deficient diet in mice and its possible effect on factors involved in the pathogenesis of the disease including oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. METHOD: Male C57BL6 mice were fed either a normal diet (control) or a methionine and choline-deficient diet for four weeks and then treated orally with simvastatin (4 mg/kg once a day) for two final weeks. At the end of the experimental period, liver integrity, biochemical analysis, hepatic lipids, histology, DNA damage, biomarkers of oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress were assessed. RESULTS: Simvastatin treatment was able to significantly reduce hepatic damage enzymes and hepatic lipids and lower the degree of hepatocellular ballooning, without showing genotoxic effects. Simvastatin caused significant decreases in lipid peroxidation, with some changes in antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Simvastatin activates antioxidant enzymes via Nrf2 and inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the results provide evidence that in mice with experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by a methionine and choline-deficient diet, the reduction of liver damage by simvastatin is associated with attenuated oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Melatonin effects on pulmonary tissue in the experimental model of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pulmonary alterations of animals with Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (HPS) submitted to Biliary Duct Ligature (BDL), as well as the antioxidant effect of Melatonin (MEL). METHODS: Sixteen male Wistar rats, divided into four Sham groups: BDL group, Sham + MEL group and BDL + MEL. The pulmonary and hepatic histology, lipoperoxidation and antioxidant activity of lung tissue, alveolar-arterial O2 difference and lung / body weight ratio (%) were evaluated. RESULTS: When comparing the groups, could be observed an increase of vasodilation and pulmonary fibrosis in the BDL group and the reduction of this in relation to the BDL + MEL group. It was also observed significant changes in the activity of catalase, ApCO2, ApO2 in the LBD group when compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION: The use of MEL has been shown to be effective in reducing vasodilation, fibrosis levels and oxidative stress as well as gas exchange in an experimental HPS model.

Relationship between pulmonary function, functional independence, and trunk control in patients with stroke / Relação entre função pumonar, independência functional e controle de tronco em pacientes após acidente vascular cerebral

ABSTRACT Stroke often leads to abnormalities in muscle tone, posture, and motor control that may compromise voluntary motor function, thus affecting the motor control required for maintaining the synergy of both peripheral and respiratory muscles. Objective To evaluate respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, trunk control, and functional independence in patients with stroke and to correlate trunk control with the other variables. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed with stroke. We assessed respiratory muscle strength, trunk control as assessed by the Trunk Impairment Scale, spirometric variables, and the Functional Independence Measure. Results Forty-four patients were included. Pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength were significantly lower than predicted for the study population, and the mean Trunk Impairment Scale score was 14.3 points. The following significant correlations were found between the variables: trunk control vs. maximal inspiratory pressure (r = 0.26, p < 0.05); trunk control vs. forced vital capacity (r = 0.28, p < 0.05); trunk control vs. forced expiratory volume in one second (r = 0.29, p < 0.05), and trunk control vs. the Functional Independence Measure (r = 0.77, p < 0.05). Conclusion The present study showed that respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, functional independence, and trunk control are reduced in patients diagnosed with stroke.

RESUMO Acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) frequentemente leva a anormalidades no tônus muscular, postura e controle motor que podem comprometer a função motora voluntária, afetando o controle motor necessário para manter a sinergia dos músculos periféricos e respiratórios. Objetivo Avaliar a força muscular respiratória, a função pulmonar, o controle do tronco e a independência funcional em pacientes com AVC e correlacionar o controle do tronco com as demais variáveis. Métodos Este foi um estudo transversal, incluindo pacientes diagnosticados com AVC. Avaliamos a força muscular respiratória, o controle do tronco avaliado pela escala de comprometimento de tronco, as variáveis espirométricas e a medida de independência funcional. Resultados Quarenta e quatro pacientes foram incluídos. A função pulmonar e a força muscular respiratória foram significativamente menores do que o previsto para a população estudada, e o escore médio do escala de comprometimento de tronco foi de 14,3 pontos. As seguintes correlações significativas foram encontradas entre as variáveis: controle do tronco vs. pressão inspiratória máxima (r = 0,26, p <0,05); controle do tronco vs capacidade vital forçada (r = 0,28, p <0,05); controle do tronco versus volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (r = 0,29, p <0,05) e controle do tronco vs. medida de independência funcional (r = 0,77, p <0,05). Conclusão O presente estudo demonstrou que a força muscular respiratória, a função pulmonar, a independência funcional e o controle do tronco estão diminuídos em pacientes diagnosticados com AVC.

Comparison of bronchial hygiene techniques in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomized clinical trial. / Comparação entre técnicas de higiene brônquica em pacientes mecanicamente ventilados: ensaio clínico randomizado.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of vibrocompression and hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator techniques alone and in combination (hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator + vibrocompression) on the amount of aspirated secretion and the change in hemodynamic and pulmonary parameters. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial with critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation conducted in the intensive care unit of a university hospital. The patients were randomly allocated to receive one of the bronchial hygiene techniques for 10 minutes (vibrocompression or hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator or hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator + vibrocompression). Afterwards, the patients were again randomly allocated to receive either the previous randomly allocated technique or only tracheal aspiration. The weight of aspirated secretions (in grams), ventilatory mechanics and cardiopulmonary data before and after the application of the techniques were analyzed. The tracheal reintubation frequency and time and mortality on mechanical ventilation were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 93 patients (29 vibrocompression, 32 hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator and 32 hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator + vibrocompression) on mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours were included. The hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator + vibrocompression group was the only one that presented a significant increase in aspirated secretions compared to tracheal aspiration alone [0.7g (0.1 - 2.5g) versus 0.2g (0.0 - 0.6g), p value = 0.006]. CONCLUSION: Compared to tracheal aspiration alone, the combination of hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator + vibrocompression techniques was most efficient for increasing the amount of aspirated secretions.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficiência das técnicas de vibrocompressão e hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico de forma isolada e a associação das duas técnicas (hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico + vibrocompressão), na quantidade de secreção aspirada e na alteração de parâmetros hemodinâmicos e pulmonares. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico randomizado com pacientes críticos em ventilação mecânica, realizado na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universitário. Os pacientes foram randomizados para receber uma das técnicas de higiene brônquica por 10 minutos (vibrocompressão, ou hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico, ou hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico + vibrocompressão). Após, foram novamente randomizados para receber inicialmente a técnica (previamente randomizada) ou apenas a aspiração isolada. Foram analisados o peso de secreção aspirada (em gramas), dados de mecânica ventilatória e cardiopulmonares, antes e após a aplicação das técnicas. A frequência de reintubação traqueal, o tempo de ventilação mecânica e a mortalidade, também foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 93 pacientes (29 vibrocompressão, 32 hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico e 32 hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico + vibrocompressão) em ventilação mecânica por mais de 24 horas. O grupo hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico + vibrocompressão foi o único que apresentou aumento significativo da secreção aspirada, quando comparado a aspiração isolada 0,7g (0,1 - 2,5g) versus 0,2g (0,0 - 0,6g), com valor de p = 0,006. CONCLUSÃO: Quando comparada à aspiração isolada, a associação das técnicas hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico + vibrocompressão foi mais eficiente na quantidade de secreção aspirada.

Comparação entre técnicas de higiene brônquica em pacientes mecanicamente ventilados: ensaio clínico randomizado / Comparison of bronchial hygiene techniques in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomized clinical trial

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a eficiência das técnicas de vibrocompressão e hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico de forma isolada e a associação das duas técnicas (hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico + vibrocompressão), na quantidade de secreção aspirada e na alteração de parâmetros hemodinâmicos e pulmonares. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado com pacientes críticos em ventilação mecânica, realizado na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universitário. Os pacientes foram randomizados para receber uma das técnicas de higiene brônquica por 10 minutos (vibrocompressão, ou hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico, ou hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico + vibrocompressão). Após, foram novamente randomizados para receber inicialmente a técnica (previamente randomizada) ou apenas a aspiração isolada. Foram analisados o peso de secreção aspirada (em gramas), dados de mecânica ventilatória e cardiopulmonares, antes e após a aplicação das técnicas. A frequência de reintubação traqueal, o tempo de ventilação mecânica e a mortalidade, também foram avaliados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 93 pacientes (29 vibrocompressão, 32 hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico e 32 hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico + vibrocompressão) em ventilação mecânica por mais de 24 horas. O grupo hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico + vibrocompressão foi o único que apresentou aumento significativo da secreção aspirada, quando comparado a aspiração isolada 0,7g (0,1 - 2,5g) versus 0,2g (0,0 - 0,6g), com valor de p = 0,006. Conclusão: Quando comparada à aspiração isolada, a associação das técnicas hiperinsuflação com ventilador mecânico + vibrocompressão foi mais eficiente na quantidade de secreção aspirada.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effects of vibrocompression and hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator techniques alone and in combination (hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator + vibrocompression) on the amount of aspirated secretion and the change in hemodynamic and pulmonary parameters. Methods: A randomized clinical trial with critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation conducted in the intensive care unit of a university hospital. The patients were randomly allocated to receive one of the bronchial hygiene techniques for 10 minutes (vibrocompression or hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator or hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator + vibrocompression). Afterwards, the patients were again randomly allocated to receive either the previous randomly allocated technique or only tracheal aspiration. The weight of aspirated secretions (in grams), ventilatory mechanics and cardiopulmonary data before and after the application of the techniques were analyzed. The tracheal reintubation frequency and time and mortality on mechanical ventilation were also evaluated. Results: A total of 93 patients (29 vibrocompression, 32 hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator and 32 hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator + vibrocompression) on mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours were included. The hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator + vibrocompression group was the only one that presented a significant increase in aspirated secretions compared to tracheal aspiration alone [0.7g (0.1 - 2.5g) versus 0.2g (0.0 - 0.6g), p value = 0.006]. Conclusion: Compared to tracheal aspiration alone, the combination of hyperinflation with mechanical ventilator + vibrocompression techniques was most efficient for increasing the amount of aspirated secretions.

Melatonin effects on pulmonary tissue in the experimental model of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome / Efeitos da melatonina sobre o tecido pulmonar no modelo experimental de Síndrome Hepatopulmonar

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the pulmonary alterations of animals with Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (HPS) submitted to Biliary Duct Ligature (BDL), as well as the antioxidant effect of Melatonin (MEL). Methods: Sixteen male Wistar rats, divided into four Sham groups: BDL group, Sham + MEL group and BDL + MEL. The pulmonary and hepatic histology, lipoperoxidation and antioxidant activity of lung tissue, alveolar-arterial O2 difference and lung / body weight ratio (%) were evaluated. Results: When comparing the groups, could be observed an increase of vasodilation and pulmonary fibrosis in the BDL group and the reduction of this in relation to the BDL + MEL group. It was also observed significant changes in the activity of catalase, ApCO2, ApO2 in the LBD group when compared to the other groups. Conclusion: The use of MEL has been shown to be effective in reducing vasodilation, fibrosis levels and oxidative stress as well as gas exchange in an experimental HPS model.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as alterações pulmonares de animais com Síndrome Hepatopulmonar (SHP), submetidos à ligadura de ducto biliar (LDB), bem como o efeito antioxidante da Melatonina (MEL). Métodos: Dezesseis ratos machos da espécie Wistar, divididos em quatro grupos: Sham, Grupo LDB, Grupo Sham + MEL e LDB + MEL. Foram avaliadas a histologia pulmonar e hepática, a lipoperoxidação e atividade antioxidante do tecido pulmonar, diferença álveolo-arterial de O2 e relação peso pulmonar/peso corporal (%). Resultados: Quando comparados os grupos, observamos um aumento da vasodilatação e fibrose pulmonar no grupo LDB e a redução deste em relação ao grupo LDB+MEL. Observamos ainda alterações significativas na atividade da catalase, PaCO2, PaO2 no grupo LBD quando comparado aos demais grupos. Conclusões: A utilização da MEL demonstrou-se eficaz na redução da vasodilatação, níveis de fibrose e estresse oxidativo assim como na troca gasosa em modelo experimental de SHP.

Aplicação da técnica de eletrodiagnóstico em pacientes críticos: uma revisão sistemática / Application of electrodiagnostic technique in critically ill patients: a systematic review

O ambiente de terapia intensiva está evoluindo em tecnologias para avaliação e tratamento sendo uma das técnicas mais atuais aplicadas neste ambiente o eletrodiagnóstico. Esta é uma revisão sistemática desenvolvida com base nos resultados de pesquisa das principais bases de dados, seguindo o PRISMA. Neste foram incluídos somente artigos observacionais que utilizaram a técnica de eletrodiagnóstico em pacientes críticos, para os mais diferentes objetivos e desfechos. As bases de dados consultadas foram: MEDLINE (acessado via PubMed), Fisioterapia Evidence banco de dados (Pedro), Registro de Ensaios Controlados (CENTRAL Cochrane) e EMBASE além de uma busca manual de referências adicionais. Um total de 10 artigos foram encontrados, sendo que dois apresentaram-se repetidos e outros seis foram excluídos por não contemplarem os critérios de inclusão obtendo-se ao final um total de dois artigos totalizando 33 pacientes. Um dos artigos apresentou resultados seguros, sem lesão muscular e o protocolo foi viável para ser aplicado em terapia intensiva. O outro artigo que após lesão cerebral traumática os pacientes podem apresentar distúrbios eletrofisiológicos, além de atrofia muscular generalizada sendo evidenciados pela técnica de eletrodiagnóstico. (AU)

The intensive care environment is evolving in technologies for evaluation and treatment, and these include a recent technique named electrodiagnosis. This systematic review was based on search results from major databases, following PRISMA guidelines. Only observational studies using the electrodiagnostic technique in critically patients for different objectives and outcomes were included. The following databases were searched: MEDLINE (accessed via PubMed), Physiotherapy Evidence database (Pedro), Controlled Trials Registry (CENTRAL Cochrane) and EMBASE, in addition to a manual search for additional references. Ten articles were found, two of which were repeated and six were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria; thus, two articles were selected, with a total of 33 patients. One of the articles showed safe results, without any muscle injury, and the protocol was applicable in intensive care. The other article demonstrated that, after traumatic brain injury, patients may present with electrophysiological disorders and generalized muscle atrophy, which can be revealed by the electrodiagnostic technique. (AU)

Safety of neuromuscular electrical stimulation among critically ill patients: systematic review. / Segurança no uso da eletroestimulação neuromuscular em pacientes graves: revisão sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence on the safety of neuromuscular electrical stimulation when used in the intensive care unit. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted; a literature search was performed of the MEDLINE (via PubMed), PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL and EMBASE databases, and a further manual search was performed among the references cited in randomized studies. Randomized clinical trials that compared neuromuscular electrical stimulation to a control or placebo group in the intensive care unit and reporting on the technique safety in the outcomes were included. Hemodynamic variables and information on adverse effects were considered safety parameters. Articles were independently analyzed by two reviewers, and the data analysis was descriptive. RESULTS: The initial search located 1,533 articles, from which only four randomized clinical trials were included. Two studies assessed safety based on hemodynamic variables, and only one study reported an increase in heart rate, respiratory rate and blood lactate, without clinical relevance. The other two studies assessed safety based on reported adverse effects. In one, 15% of patients described a prickling sensation, without any clinically relevant abnormalities. In the other, one patient suffered a superficial burn due to improper parameter configuration. CONCLUSION: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is safe for critically ill patients; however, it should be applied by duly trained professionals and with proper evidence-based parameters.

OBJETIVO: Revisar as evidências sobre segurança da eletroestimulação neuromuscular quando utilizada em unidade de terapia intensiva. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática, sendo a busca realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE (acessado via PubMed), PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL e EMBASE, além de busca manual de referências em estudos randomizados. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados que comparassem aplicação da eletroestimulação neuromuscular com grupo controle ou placebo em unidades de terapia intensiva, e que contivessem informações sobre segurança da técnica nos desfechos, sendo considerado como segurança dados de variáveis hemodinâmicas e informações sobre efeitos adversos. RESULTADOS: Os artigos foram analisados por dois revisores independentes, e a análise dos dados foi descritiva. A busca inicial encontrou 1.533 artigos; destes, foram incluídos somente 4 ensaios clínicos randomizados. Dois estudos avaliaram segurança por meio das variáveis hemodinâmicas, e somente um deles mostrou aumento nas frequências cardíacas, respiratória e lactato, porém sem relevância clínica. Os outros dois estudos avaliaram a segurança por meio do relato de efeitos adversos; um expôs que 15% dos pacientes apresentaram sensação de picada, sem alteração clinicamente relevante; o outro relatou apenas que um paciente sofreu queimadura superficial por configuração incorreta dos parâmetros. CONCLUSÃO: A eletroestimulação neuromuscular é uma técnica segura para ser aplicada em pacientes graves, porém deve ser aplicada por profissional treinado e utilizando parâmetros corretos, baseados em evidências.

Cirrhosis affects maximal oxygen consumption, functional capacity, quality of life in patients with hepatitis C.

OBJECTIVE: The aim is assess, compare, and correlate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max. ), functional capacity and quality of life in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and in healthy individuals. METHODS: This case-control study included 36 participants (18 patients with HCV cirrhosis and 18 healthy individuals) matched for sex and age. VO2max was assessed using ergospirometry with an incremental load test on a cycloergometer. Functional capacity was measured by a 6-min walk test (6WT), and quality of life was assessed using the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: Both the cirrhotic group and the control group had similar results for sex (44.4% male) and age (55.6 ± 8.31 and 55.2 ± 8.85 years, respectively). The cirrhotic group scored lower in all domains of the SF-36, on the VO2max test (cirrhotic group 16.2 [11.6-18.6] ml/kg/min; control group 19.9 [16.28-26.9]; p = 0.007) and on the 6WT (cirrhotic group 521.5 [476.25-544.75] m; control group 618.0 [570.75-643.75] m; p = 0.0001). Correlations were found between the 6WT and the VO2max (r = 0.801, p < 0.0001) and between the 6WT and quality of life (SF-361-functional capacity domain; r = 0.552, p = 0.018) only in the cirrhotic group. CONCLUSION: Patients with cirrhosis due to HCV show changes in VO2max and in functional capacity, which have a significant impact on their quality of life.

Telerreabilitação em pacientes cardiopatas: revisão sistemáti / Telerehabilitation for cardiac patients: systematic review

Dentre as intervenções não farmacológicas utilizadas no tratamento das doenças cardiovasculares encontra-se a reabilitação cardiovascular. Apesar dos benefícios comprovados da reabilitação cardiovascular, verifica-se um baixo índice de adesão dos pacientes cardiopatas; para tanto, uma alternativa vem sendo realizada, a telerreabilitação tem ganhado espaço e muitos estudos estão sendo realizados para verificar sua eficácia. Revisar a literatura e verificar a eficácia da telerreabilitação na população cardíaca. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, com busca realizada nas fontes de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE/PubMed (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System online), PubMed Central(PMC), Cochrane Library, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), utilizando a combinação de descritores, incluindo termos do Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e seus entry terms. Os termos MeSH utilizados em conjunto foram: "telerehabilitation" AND "cardiac rehabilitation". Posteriormente, foi realizada busca manual por meio de artigos selecionados, e busca na literatura cinza. A estratégia de busca reuniu 154 estudos, dos quais 109 foram excluídos por estarem duplicados nas bases de dados e 29 por não serem estudos clínicos. Foram incluídos 16 estudos clínicos para análise na íntegra, dos quais 2 foram excluídos por serem prospectivos, 2 por duplicidade de amostras e 5 por não contemplarem desfecho. Ao final, foram incluídos 7 estudos.A reabilitação cardíaca utilizando telerreabilitação é uma alternativa viável e segura, apresenta alta adesão dos pacientes cardiopatas e pode ser utilizada em adição aos programas de reabilitação cardiovascular convencionais ou ainda de maneira isolada

Segurança no uso da eletroestimulação neuromuscular em pacientes graves: revisão sistemática / Safety of neuromuscular electrical stimulation among critically ill patients: systematic review

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar as evidências sobre segurança da eletroestimulação neuromuscular quando utilizada em unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Revisão sistemática, sendo a busca realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE (acessado via PubMed), PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL e EMBASE, além de busca manual de referências em estudos randomizados. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados que comparassem aplicação da eletroestimulação neuromuscular com grupo controle ou placebo em unidades de terapia intensiva, e que contivessem informações sobre segurança da técnica nos desfechos, sendo considerado como segurança dados de variáveis hemodinâmicas e informações sobre efeitos adversos. Resultados: Os artigos foram analisados por dois revisores independentes, e a análise dos dados foi descritiva. A busca inicial encontrou 1.533 artigos; destes, foram incluídos somente 4 ensaios clínicos randomizados. Dois estudos avaliaram segurança por meio das variáveis hemodinâmicas, e somente um deles mostrou aumento nas frequências cardíacas, respiratória e lactato, porém sem relevância clínica. Os outros dois estudos avaliaram a segurança por meio do relato de efeitos adversos; um expôs que 15% dos pacientes apresentaram sensação de picada, sem alteração clinicamente relevante; o outro relatou apenas que um paciente sofreu queimadura superficial por configuração incorreta dos parâmetros. Conclusão: A eletroestimulação neuromuscular é uma técnica segura para ser aplicada em pacientes graves, porém deve ser aplicada por profissional treinado e utilizando parâmetros corretos, baseados em evidências.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review the evidence on the safety of neuromuscular electrical stimulation when used in the intensive care unit. Methods: A systematic review was conducted; a literature search was performed of the MEDLINE (via PubMed), PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL and EMBASE databases, and a further manual search was performed among the references cited in randomized studies. Randomized clinical trials that compared neuromuscular electrical stimulation to a control or placebo group in the intensive care unit and reporting on the technique safety in the outcomes were included. Hemodynamic variables and information on adverse effects were considered safety parameters. Articles were independently analyzed by two reviewers, and the data analysis was descriptive. Results: The initial search located 1,533 articles, from which only four randomized clinical trials were included. Two studies assessed safety based on hemodynamic variables, and only one study reported an increase in heart rate, respiratory rate and blood lactate, without clinical relevance. The other two studies assessed safety based on reported adverse effects. In one, 15% of patients described a prickling sensation, without any clinically relevant abnormalities. In the other, one patient suffered a superficial burn due to improper parameter configuration. Conclusion: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is safe for critically ill patients; however, it should be applied by duly trained professionals and with proper evidence-based parameters.

Tolerância ao exercício, função pulmonar, força muscular respiratória e qualidade de vida em crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatia reumática / Exercise tolerance, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and quality of life in children and adolescents with rheumatic heart disease

RESUMO Objetivo: Apesar da alta prevalência de cardiopatia reumática no nosso país, a ocorrência de prejuízos funcionais em crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatia reumática não está esclarecida. Este estudo visou avaliar tolerância ao exercício, força muscular respiratória, função pulmonar e qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatia reumática. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado de agosto a dezembro de 2014, com portadores de cardiopatia reumática de 8 a 16 anos de idade. Os participantes, após preenchimento dos questionários socioeconômico, clínico e de qualidade de vida, foram submetidos a espirometria, manovacuometria e teste de caminhada de seis minutos. As variáveis e seus valores de referência foram comparados pelo teste t de Student pareado. Para comparar as diferenças entre as distâncias percorridas prevista e observada, considerando-se as categorizações dos participantes, foi utilizado o teste t de Student. Correlações entre essas diferenças e as variáveis quantitativas foram feitas pelo coeficiente de Pearson, sendo significante p<0,05. Resultados: Os 56 participantes obtiveram distância percorrida inferior à prevista (p<0,001). As diferenças entre as distâncias prevista e observada mostraram correlação positiva com a frequência cardíaca basal (r=0,3545; p=0,007). A força muscular expiratória também foi inferior à prevista (p<0,001). A qualidade de vida foi de 70; 77 e 67%, respectivamente, nos domínios geral, físico e psicossocial. Conclusões: Crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatia reumática apresentam tolerância reduzida ao exercício, a qual está relacionada com uma maior frequência cardíaca basal; eles também demonstram prejuízo na força expiratória e na qualidade de vida.

ABSTRACT Objective: Despite the high prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Brazil, the occurrence of functional impairment in children and adolescents with rheumatic heart disease is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate exercise tolerance, respiratory muscle strength, lung function, and quality of life of children and adolescents with rheumatic heart disease. Methods: Cross-sectional study, conducted from August to December 2014 with children and adolescents with rheumatic heart disease aged 8 to 16 years. The participants, after completing the socioeconomic, clinical, and quality of life questionnaires were tested by spirometry, manovacuometry and in a 6-minute walk test. The variables and their reference values were compared using the paired Student's t-test. Comparisons between predicted and observed walking distance were done also by Student's t-test, consdiering the categorization of the participants. Correlations between these differences and quantitative variables were assessed by Pearson's coefficient, being significant p<0.05. Results: All 56 participants had a walked distance lower than predicted (p<0.001). The differences between predicted and observed distances were positively correlated with the baseline heart rate (r=0.3545; p=0.007). Expiratory muscle strength was also lower than the predicted values (p<0,001). Regarding quality of life assessment, the mean scores were 70, 77 and 67% for general, physical, and psychosocial aspects, respectively. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with rheumatic heart disease have reduced exercise tolerance, which is related to their higher baseline heart rate; they also show impaired expiratory strength and quality of life.

EXERCISE TOLERANCE, PULMONARY FUNCTION, RESPIRATORY MUSCLE STRENGTH, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE. / TOLERÂNCIA AO EXERCÍCIO, FUNÇÃO PULMONAR, FORÇA MUSCULAR RESPIRATÓRIA E QUALIDADE DE VIDA EM CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES COM CARDIOPATIA REUMÁTICA.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the high prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Brazil, the occurrence of functional impairment in children and adolescents with rheumatic heart disease is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate exercise tolerance, respiratory muscle strength, lung function, and quality of life of children and adolescents with rheumatic heart disease. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, conducted from August to December 2014 with children and adolescents with rheumatic heart disease aged 8 to 16 years. The participants, after completing the socioeconomic, clinical, and quality of life questionnaires were tested by spirometry, manovacuometry and in a 6-minute walk test. The variables and their reference values were compared using the paired Student's t-test. Comparisons between predicted and observed walking distance were done also by Student's t-test, consdiering the categorization of the participants. Correlations between these differences and quantitative variables were assessed by Pearson's coefficient, being significant p<0.05. RESULTS: All 56 participants had a walked distance lower than predicted (p<0.001). The differences between predicted and observed distances were positively correlated with the baseline heart rate (r=0.3545; p=0.007). Expiratory muscle strength was also lower than the predicted values (p<0,001). Regarding quality of life assessment, the mean scores were 70, 77 and 67% for general, physical, and psychosocial aspects, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with rheumatic heart disease have reduced exercise tolerance, which is related to their higher baseline heart rate; they also show impaired expiratory strength and quality of life.

OBJETIVO: Apesar da alta prevalência de cardiopatia reumática no nosso país, a ocorrência de prejuízos funcionais em crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatia reumática não está esclarecida. Este estudo visou avaliar tolerância ao exercício, força muscular respiratória, função pulmonar e qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatia reumática. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado de agosto a dezembro de 2014, com portadores de cardiopatia reumática de 8 a 16 anos de idade. Os participantes, após preenchimento dos questionários socioeconômico, clínico e de qualidade de vida, foram submetidos a espirometria, manovacuometria e teste de caminhada de seis minutos. As variáveis e seus valores de referência foram comparados pelo teste t de Student pareado. Para comparar as diferenças entre as distâncias percorridas prevista e observada, considerando-se as categorizações dos participantes, foi utilizado o teste t de Student. Correlações entre essas diferenças e as variáveis quantitativas foram feitas pelo coeficiente de Pearson, sendo significante p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Os 56 participantes obtiveram distância percorrida inferior à prevista (p<0,001). As diferenças entre as distâncias prevista e observada mostraram correlação positiva com a frequência cardíaca basal (r=0,3545; p=0,007). A força muscular expiratória também foi inferior à prevista (p<0,001). A qualidade de vida foi de 70; 77 e 67%, respectivamente, nos domínios geral, físico e psicossocial. CONCLUSÕES: Crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatia reumática apresentam tolerância reduzida ao exercício, a qual está relacionada com uma maior frequência cardíaca basal; eles também demonstram prejuízo na força expiratória e na qualidade de vida.