The Italian Unitary Society of Colon-proctology (SIUCP: Società Italiana Unitaria di Colonproctologia) guidelines for the management of anal fissure.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of these evidence-based guidelines is to present a consensus position from members of the Italian Unitary Society of Colon-Proctology (SIUCP: Società Italiana Unitaria di Colon-Proctologia) on the diagnosis and management of anal fissure, with the purpose to guide every physician in the choice of the best treatment option, according with the available literature. METHODS: A panel of experts was designed and charged by the Board of the SIUCP to develop key-questions on the main topics covering the management of anal fissure and to performe an accurate search on each topic in different databanks, in order to provide evidence-based answers to the questions and to summarize them in statements. All the clinical questions were discussed by the expert panel in different rounds through the Delphi approach and, for each statement, a consensus among the experts was reached. The questions were created according to the PICO criteria, and the statements developed adopting the GRADE methodology. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute anal fissure the medical therapy with dietary and behavioral norms is indicated. In the chronic phase of disease, the conservative treatment with topical 0.3% nifedipine plus 1.5% lidocaine or nitrates may represent the first-line therapy, eventually associated with ointments with film-forming, anti-inflammatory and healing properties such as Propionibacterium extract gel. In case of first-line treatment failure, the surgical strategy (internal sphincterotomy or fissurectomy with flap), may be guided by the clinical findings, eventually supported by endoanal ultrasound and anal manometry.

Clinicopathologic factors predicting involvement of nonsentinel axillary lymphnodes in breast cancer patients: is axillary dissection always indicated?

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine factors that predict non-sentinel axillary lymph nodes (NSLNs) metastases in breast cancer patients with positive sentinel node biopsy (SLNB). MATERIAL OF STUDY: We reviewed the records of a consecutive series of 176 breast cancer patients who underwent SLNB at our institution. From the database we analysed those cases with one or more positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in order to determine factors predicting NSLN metastases. RESULTS: From a series of 176 consecutive patients, we evaluated 41 cases (23.3%) with positive SLNB. Subsequent completion axillary lymph node dissection (CALND) revealed NSLN metastases in 15 cases (36.6%). The significant variables predictive of NSLN involvement were the presence of macrometastases with extranodal extension (p = 0.048), the presence of more than one positive SLN (p = 0.08) and a ratio between positive SLN and SLNs globally dissected higher than 0.5 (p = 0.05). DISCUSSION: CALND is the gold standard for patients with positive SLNB, but results, in almost 40-70% of cases, in no additional positive nodes and its therapeutic benefit remains controversial. Clinicopathologic factors predictive of NSLN metastases may be useful in identifying a subset of patients with lower risk of further axillary involvement. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with early breast carcinoma and a positive SLNB, the size of SLN metastases, the presence of extranodal extension, more than one positive SLN and a nodal ratio higher than 0.5 are the factors that significantly increase the frequency of additional axillary positive lymph nodes.