Impact of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on vitiligo susceptibility and clinical features in a Southeastern European Caucasian population.

An association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and vitiligo has been suggested. However, previous studies have reported contradictory results while including limited data among Caucasians. The aim of this single­center study was to evaluate the effect of three common VDR gene polymorphisms (FokI, TaqI and BsmI) on susceptibility and clinical aspects of vitiligo in a Southeastern European Caucasian population. A total of 110 unrelated vitiligo cases and 509 general population controls were enrolled from October 2018 to November 2019. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood after de­identification and anonymization of the samples and genotyped for the selected VDR polymorphisms by the qPCR (melting curve analysis). Subgroup analysis by clinical features among subsets of patients indicated that, compared to subjects with the FokI TT genotype or T allele, carriers of the FokI CC genotype or C allele exhibited significantly decreased risk of developing vitiligo before the age of 30 [TT vs. CC: odds ratio (OR)=0.286, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.083­0.984, P=0.041; T vs. C: OR=0.545, 95% CI: 0.313­0.948, P=0.031]. Intra­patient analysis also revealed that, compared to T allele, the presence of TaqI C allele was adversely associated with the incidence of concurrent leukotrichia (T vs. C: OR=1.874, 95% CI: 1.018­3.451, P=0.042). Comparisons between the case and control groups showed no evidence to support an association between susceptibility to vitiligo and the VDR BsmI, TaqI, and FokI polymorphisms in this cohort. Thus, the studied VDR polymorphisms might indirectly impact the clinical course and treatment decision­making despite their lack of association with vitiligo per se. Further research with larger sample sizes, especially across Caucasian individuals, should be performed to confirm these findings.