The risk factors for radial artery and saphenous vein graft occlusion are different.

Objectives. To determine risk factors for radial artery and saphenous vein graft occlusion during long-term follow-up after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: From a cohort of 119 patients who had received a radial artery graft, 76 - of whom 55 also had at least one saphenous vein graft - underwent a preplanned direct angiography and anthropometric, biochemical, and endothelial function assessment 7.6-12.1 (mean 8.9) years after CABG. Comorbidity, medication, and smoking habits were also recorded. The association between these parameters and conduit longevity was analyzed in univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Radial artery graft occlusions were associated with higher plasma levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein and patency was best among patients with pharmacologically treated hypertension. The sole independent risk factor identified for saphenous vein graft occlusion was tobacco smoking 8-12 years postoperatively. Conclusion: Our data support the contention that the pathogenesis of radial artery graft failure is distinct from vein graft disease and is related to hypertension status and systemic inflammation. These risk factors are potential targets for preventive measures. Accordingly, the study supports the eventual design of personalized secondary prevention regimens.Clinical registration number: ISRCTN23118170.

Direct angiography demonstrates equal 8-12 years patency rates of radial artery and saphenous vein grafts.

Objectives: The benefits of coronary artery bypass surgery depend on lasting graft patency. To aid rational graft selection, the relative long-term merits of radial artery and saphenous vein grafts need to be determined by a gold standard method and with minimal clinically driven selection bias. Methods: The patency rates of various conduits were determined by direct angiography in 76 patients from a cohort of 119 undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting 7.6-12.1 (mean 8.9) years before. Results: 14 out of 76 radial artery and 10 out of 61 saphenous vein grafts were occluded (rates 0.18 and 0.16, respectively). Conclusion: The high long-term patency rate of saphenous vein grafts does not support a preferential use of the radial artery as a coronary artery bypass conduit. Clinical registration number: ISRCTN23118170.

Increased risk of transmission of hepatitis C in open heart surgery compared with vascular and pulmonary surgery.

BACKGROUND: We report a case of patient-to-surgeon transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the subsequent transmission of HCV to surgical patients. METHODS: In 2007, a cardiac surgeon tested positive for hepatitis C. A complete look-back investigation was initiated that involved screening of all patients on the surgeon's operating lists between September 2004 and April 2007. Genotyping and phylogenetic analyses were performed where HCV RNA was detected. RESULTS: Of the 499 patients invited to HCV testing, 431 responded, 13 of whom were found anti-HCV positive. One patient, who had surgery in August 2005, was found most likely to be the source of transmission to the surgeon. Of the 270 patients who had surgery after this incident, 10 became infected, giving an estimated rate of transmission of 3.7%. The HCV polymerase chain reaction positive samples were found to be the same genotype 1a strain by phylogenetic analyses. All the 10 subsequently infected patients had undergone open heart surgery, whereas none of the 103 noncardiac patients became infected, giving an estimated risk of transmission during open heart surgery of 6.0% (95% confidence interval [3.3% to 10.7%]). CONCLUSIONS: The transmission rate from an HCV positive surgeon to patients in a cardiothoracic setting was higher than previously reported and significantly higher during open heart surgery compared with vascular and pulmonary surgery. These results indicate the need for unequivocal routines for testing and handling of HCV positive health care workers and patients.

Radial artery graft patency relates to gender, diabetes mellitus and angiotensin inhibition.

UNLABELLED: The radial artery is resistant to atherosclerotic degeneration and therefore appears more attractive for coronary artery bypass grafting than the saphenous vein. However, the patency of radial artery grafts varies widely among studies. Therefore, before deciding whether to adopt this as the conduit of choice second to internal mammary artery grafts, we have prospectively monitored our first cohort of patients with radial-to-coronary bypasses. DESIGN: Angiographic and clinical outcome parameters were registered for the 119 patients receiving radial artery grafts at our institution during April 4, 2001 to October 7, 2003. RESULTS: Reangiography of 102 patients (86%) showed that after two to three years, 79% of the radial artery and 87% of the saphenous vein grafts remained patent. Radial artery harvesting was well tolerated. Patency of radial artery grafts was correlated to diabetes mellitus (detrimental), gender (women had higher occlusion rates), and use of angiotensin inhibiting medication (beneficial). CONCLUSIONS: The pre-study assumption that radial artery grafts would out-perform those of saphenous vein at mid-term is not borne out. The propensity of radial artery graft failure in diabetics and the higher patency associated with angiotensin inhibition might both relate to endothelial modulation of the muscular tone of the graft.

[Carotid endarterectomy in patients with coronary heart disease]. / Carotisendarterektomi hos pasienter med koronarsykdom.

BACKGROUND: Patients with coexistent coronary and carotid artery disease are at high risk of developing stroke following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and at the same time at increased risk of myocardial infarction when subjected to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). In patients with pronounced symptoms from both vascular territories, some institutions advocate a combined approach, with both CABG and CEA performed during the same period of anaesthesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent the combined procedure between 1986 and 2004 (n = 37; group 1) and compared them to patients with coronary artery disease who underwent isolated CEA over the same period of time (n = 118; group 2). RESULTS: The ASA score, NYHA class, prevalence of peripheral artery disease, atrial fibrillation and contralateral carotid occlusion were significantly higher in group 1. Two patients (5.4%) in group 1 and five patients (4.2%) in group 2 suffered a stroke. Five of these were ipsilateral to the CEA. Six patients had a perioperative myocardial infarction, one in group 1 (2.7%) and five (4.2%) in group 2 (ns). There were no deaths in group 1 and three deaths (2.5%) in group 2 during the first 30 days after surgery. The cumulative risk of death, stroke and myocardial infarction within 30 days was 8.1% in group 1 and 11.0% in group 2. INTERPRETATION: Patients with coexistent atherosclerosis of the coronary and carotid arteries who underwent the combined procedure seem to have the same perioperative risk as patients with coronary artery disease who underwent isolated CEA, in spite of the fact that the former had a more generalised atherosclerotic disease.

[Increased risk of infection with biological immunomodifying antirheumatic agents. Clear guidelines are necessary as shown by case reports]. / Okad risk för infektion med biologiska immunmodifierande antireumatika.

Several potent immunosuppressive drugs have become available in the new millennium for patients with rheumatologic diseases, Crohn's disease and other autoimmune disorders. Five patient cases from Växjö central hospital (uptake area 178 000 individuals) with Listeria meningitis, Pneumocystis jiroveci and tuberculosis pneumonia, Listeria sepsis, Legionella pneumonia and E coli sepsis are described. A doubled risk for infections has previously been observed for RA patients, as compared to healthy individuals. There is clearly an increased risk of tuberculosis (depending on the actual and historic environmental prevalence) for patients on TNF antagonists, and therefore tuberculosis screening is now mandatory before start of therapy. Since TNF has a central role in the immune defence, an increased risk of opportunistic infections like listeriosis. mycobacteriosis, and invasive fungal infections has been established. Eight hospitals in southern Sweden participate in a register for the use of TNF blockers in rheumatologic diseases (South Swedish Arthritis Treatment Group, SSATG). Guidelines for screening and treatment of latent and active tuberculosis, possible prophylactic antibiotic treatment for endocarditis and vaccination programs for patients on TNF antagonists are discussed.

[Elective stent treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm]. / Elektiv stentgraftbehandling for abdominalt aortaaneurisme.

BACKGROUND: First described in 1991, endovascular treatment is a simplified method for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). The enthusiasm created by few complications and early mobilisation was replaced by scepticism because of the high frequency of secondary complications such as endoleak, stenosis, graft migration, aneurysm enlargement and late rupture. Though the method still is considered experimental, thousands of grafts are inserted every year. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1998, 53 patients underwent EVAR electively at our institution, 17 of whom were for medical reasons considered inoperable in open surgery. They were followed up with CT scans, which together with angiograms were evaluated retrospectively. Co-morbidity and complications were registered. Follow up was at 26 (4-50) months for 49 patients. RESULTS: Two patients died. There were two other complications in addition to two superficial wound infections. There were no surgical conversions. 18 patients had 25 secondary interventions. Cumulative intervention rate was 25% after 12 months, 28% after 24 months and 53% after 36 months. Four stenoses were seen the first 6 months. 19 patients had an endoleak (1 had type I after 24 months, 6 had type II endoleak, 5 had type III endoleak of which two appeared after 3 years). Graft migration was observed in 9 patients (5 at 3 years control). Two ruptures were corrected with endovascular technique. Survival and interventions were equal among inoperable and operable patients. INTERPRETATION: Few early complications are overshadowed by the frequent and unpredictable late complications after EVAR; patients have to be followed up for years. For patients unfit for open surgery this is, however, an optional treatment if intervention is otherwise indicated.

[Cardiac surgery in octogenarians]. / Hjertekirurgi hos pasienter over 80 år.

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of octogenarians are referred to cardiac surgery in Norway. Little is known about short and long term results. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 47 patients (20 women, 27 men) aged 80 to 87.5 (81.5 +/- 1.3) years. RESULTS: The median observation time was 700 days. 28 patients were in NYHA class IV and the rest in class III. Urgent operations were performed on 19 patients (60 %). Operative mortality was 10.5 %; prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time was a predictor of early death. The most common complication was atrial fibrillation. Median intubation time was 5 hours, length of stay in the intensive care unit 2 days, and postoperative length of stay 4 days. Survival at 1 year was 85 % and 60 % at 5 years. Follow-up telephone interviews were 100 % complete. 34 patients (92 %) reported improved health after surgery. All but one lived in their own homes. 32 patients (86.5 %) were in NYHA class I or II at follow up. INTERPRETATION: Strictly selected octogenarians may undergo cardiac surgery at reasonable risk. They will benefit from improved functional status and quality of life.