Inhibition of pathogenic microbes in oral infectious diseases by natural products: Sources, mechanisms, and challenges.

The maintenance of oral health is of utmost importance for an individual's holistic well-being and standard of living. Within the oral cavity, symbiotic microorganisms actively safeguard themselves against potential foreign diseases by upholding a multifaceted equilibrium. Nevertheless, the occurrence of an imbalance can give rise to a range of oral infectious ailments, such as dental caries, periodontitis, and oral candidiasis. Presently, clinical interventions encompass the physical elimination of pathogens and the administration of antibiotics to regulate bacterial and fungal infections. Given the limitations of various antimicrobial drugs frequently employed in dental practice, the rising incidence of oral inflammation, and the escalating bacterial resistance to antibiotics, it is imperative to explore alternative remedies that are dependable, efficacious, and affordable for the prevention and management of oral infectious ailments. There is an increasing interest in the creation of novel antimicrobial agents derived from natural sources, which possess attributes such as safety, cost-effectiveness, and minimal adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of natural products on the development and progression of oral infectious diseases. Specifically, these products exert their influences by mitigating dental biofilm formation, impeding the proliferation of oral pathogens, and hindering bacterial adhesion to tooth surfaces. The review also encompasses an examination of the various classes of natural products, their antimicrobial mechanisms, and their potential therapeutic applications and limitations in the context of oral infections. The insights garnered from this review can support the promising application of natural products as viable therapeutic options for managing oral infectious diseases.

Effect of different tooth preparation designs on the marginal and internal fit discrepancies of cobalt-chromium crowns produced by computer-aided designing and selective laser melting processes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of five different tooth preparation designs on the marginal and internal fit discrepancies of cobalt-chromium (CoCr) crowns produced by computer-aided designing (CAD) and selective laser melting (SLM) processes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five preparation data were constructed, after which design crowns were obtained. Actual crowns were fabricated using an SLM process. After the data of actual crowns were obtained with structural light scanning, intaglio surfaces of the design crown and actual crown were virtually superimposed on the preparation. The fit-discrepancies were displayed with colors, while the root means square was calculated and analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's test or Kruskal-Wallis test (α =.05). RESULTS: The marginal or internal color-coded images in the five design groups were not identical. The shoulder-lip and sharp line angle groups in the CAD or SLM process had larger marginal or internal fit discrepancies compared to other groups (P < .05). In the CAD process, the mean marginal and internal fit discrepancies were 10.0 to 24.2 µm and 29.6 to 31.4 µm, respectively. After the CAD and SLM processes, the mean marginal and internal fit discrepancies were 18.4 to 40.9 µm and 39.1 to 47.1 µm, respectively. The SLM process itself resulted in a positive increase of the marginal (6.0 - 16.7 µm) and internal (9.0 - 15.7 µm) fit discrepancies. CONCLUSION: The CAD and SLM processes affected the fit of CoCr crowns and varied based on the preparation designs. Typically, the shoulder-lip and sharp line angle designs had a more significant effect on crown fit. However, the differences between the design groups were relatively small, especially when compared to fit discrepancies observed clinically.

Thrombopoietin is associated with a prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE Thrombopoietin (THPO) is well-known as a megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) involved in megakaryocyte proliferation and maturation. To explore the biological effects of THPO in gastric adenocarcinoma, we conducted this study. Methods: By accessing the TCGA database, the expression level of THPO was determined in tumor tissues. The association between THPO expression and clinical features, or prognostic significance was described by Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier. The SiRNA method was used to decline the THPO expression; then cell viability, invasion, and migration were detected to verify the effects of the knockdown of THPO. qPCR and western blotting were implemented to examine the expression level of THPO. Results: The expression of THPO was increased in tumor tissue and cells, its high-regulation was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Cell viability, invasion, and migration were suppressed in AGS with the down-regulation of THPO. Furthermore, on the basis of si-THPO transfection, E-cadherin was promoted while N-cadherin and Vimentin were attenuated. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that THPO may be a potent marker of gastric adenocarcinoma, providing a novel potential screening method for gastric adenocarcinoma.

Hybrid cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: A multifunctional biomimetic platform for cancer diagnosis and therapy.

Biomimetic nanotechnology through camouflaging synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) with natural cell membranes, which bestows with immune evasion and superior targeting capacity, has been extensively used in drug delivery systems (DDS) over the last decades. These biomimetic NPs not only retain the physicochemical features of the synthetic vehicles but also inherit the cell membranes' intrinsic functionalities. Combined with these benefits, optimized nano-biomimetic DDS allow maximum delivery efficacy. Compared to erythrocyte/cancer single cell membrane, the hybrid cell membrane expressing CD47 membrane protein and self-recognition molecules, from erythrocytes and cancer cells, provides remarkable features to the synthetic vehicles, such as immune evasion, long-term circulation, and homotypic targeting. In this review, we describe the preparation strategies, the camouflaging mechanism, and the antitumor applications of hybrid cell membrane-camouflaged NPs. Moreover, we discuss further modification of the hybrid cell membrane and the surface properties of fusion cellular membranes. Finally, we summarize the primary challenges and opportunities associated with these NPs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Camouflaging synthetic nanoparticles with hybrid cell membrane has been extensively highlighted in recent years. The resultant biomimetic nanoparticles not only reserve the physicochemical properties of the synthetic nanoparticles but also inherit the biological functions of source cells. Compared with single cell membrane, hybrid cell membrane can endow synthetic nanoparticles with multiple biofunctions derived from the original source cells. To provide a timely review of this rapidly developing subject of research, this paper summarized recent progress on the hybrid cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we focused primarily on five different types of hybrid cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles with the preparation strategies, the camouflaging mechanism, and the antitumor applications. Moreover, further modification of the hybrid cell membrane was also discussed for isolating effectively circulating tumor cells.

Thrombopoietin is associated with a prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Thrombopoietin (THPO) is well-known as a megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) involved in megakaryocyte proliferation and maturation. To explore the biological effects of THPO in gastric adenocarcinoma, we conducted this study. Methods: By accessing the TCGA database, the expression level of THPO was determined in tumor tissues. The association between THPO expression and clinical features, or prognostic significance was described by Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier. The SiRNA method was used to decline the THPO expression; then cell viability, invasion, and migration were detected to verify the effects of the knockdown of THPO. qPCR and western blotting were implemented to examine the expression level of THPO. Results: The expression of THPO was increased in tumor tissue and cells, its high-regulation was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Cell viability, invasion, and migration were suppressed in AGS with the down-regulation of THPO. Furthermore, on the basis of si-THPO transfection, E-cadherin was promoted while N-cadherin and Vimentin were attenuated. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that THPO may be a potent marker of gastric adenocarcinoma, providing a novel potential screening method for gastric adenocarcinoma.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Trombopoetina (THPO) é um conhecido fator de desenvolvimento e crescimento megacariócito (MGDF) envolvido na proliferação e maturação de megacariócitos. Realizamos este estudo para explorar os efeitos biológicos do THPO no adenocarcinoma gástrico. Metodologia: O nível de expressão do THPO em tecidos tumorais foi determinado acessando a banco de dados TCGA. A associação entre a expressão de THPO e características clínicas ou relevância no prognóstico foi descrita através da análise de Kaplan-Meier e regressão de Cox. O método SiRNA foi utilizado para reduzir a expressão da THPO e, em seguida, a viabilidade, invasão, e migração celular foram detectadas para verificar os efeitos da redução do THPO. qPCR e western blotting foram utilizados para examinar o nível de expressão do THPO. Resultados: A expressão do THPO estava aumentada em tecido e células tumorais, esse aumento estava associado com um prognóstico negativo para pacientes com adenocarcinoma gástrico. A invasão e migração celular foram suprimidos em AGS com a redução do THPO. Além disso, com base na transfecção de si-THPO, a E-caderina foi promovida, enquanto a N-caderina e Vimentina foram atenuadas. Conclusão nossos resultados demonstram que o thpo pode ser um potente marcador de adenocarcinoma gástrico, com potencial para ser um novo tipo de triagem para adenocarcinoma gástrico.

[Effect of sclerostin on the functions and related mechanisms of cementoblasts under mechanical stress].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential effects of sclerostin (SOST) on the biological funtions and related mechanisms of cementoblasts under mechanical stress. METHODS: OCCM-30 cells were treated with varying doses of SOST (0, 25, 50, and 100 ng·mL⁻¹) and were loaded with uniaxial compressive stress (2 000 µ strain with a frequency of 0.5 Hz) for six hours. Western blot was utilized to detect the expressions of ß-catenin, p-smad1/5/8, and smad1/5/8 proteins. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expressions of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2), osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoproteins (BSP), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA. RESULTS: The expression of p-smad
1/5/8 was significantly downregulated with increasing SOST. ß-catenin and smad1/5/8 exhibited no difference. ALP activity decreased under mechanical compressive stress with increasing SOST concentrations. Runx-2 expression was reduced with increasing SOST concentrations, and a similar trend was observed for the BSP and OCN expressions. When the SOST concentration was enhanced, RANKL expression gradually increased, whereas the expression of OPG decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Under mechanical comprehensive stress, SOST can adjust the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) /smad signal pathway. Osteosclerosis inhibits the mineralization of cementoblasts under mechanical compressive stress, which may be achieved by inhibiting the expressions of osteogenesis factors (Runx2, OCN, BSP, and others) and by promoting the ratio of cementoclast-related factors (RANKL/OPG) through BMP signal pathways.

Titanium clasp fabricated by selective laser melting, CNC milling, and conventional casting: a comparative in vitro study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of selective laser melting (SLM), milling methods, and casting on the behavior of titanium clasp. METHODS: The clasp and its die simulating the molar were designed using 3D software. Clasp specimens were fabricated using SLM approaches (SLM Ti) and computerized numerical control (CNC) milling technology (Milling CPTi). Cast clasps of the same forms were also prepared as controls using titanium alloy powder (Cast Ti) and commercial pure titanium (Cast CPTi), following the conventional casting methods. The surface roughness and accuracy of clasps were analyzed. The changes in retentive force and permanent deformation were measured up to 10,000 insertion/removal cycles. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test or Kruskal-Wallis H test were performed for data analysis and comparisons. RESULTS: The Milling CPTi clasps had a smoother inner surface than the other groups (p<0.05). The accuracy of the inner surface showed no significant difference among the groups, whereas that of the outer surface showed significant differences (p<0.05). The SLM Ti clasp had significantly higher retentive forces than the other groups (p<0.05), but it rapidly reduced after 2000 insertion/removal cycles until the fracture of all specimens was at 4000 cycles. The Milling CPTi clasps had more permanent deformation, but the rate of reduction of retentive force was only 9.5% (at 10,000 cycles). CONCLUSIONS: Milling has the potential to replace casting for fabricating removable partial denture (RPD) titanium clasps. However, SLM should be further improved for fabricating RPD titanium clasps before clinical application.

[Effect of Quercetin on the Cell Cycle and Adhesion Molecules of NOD/SCID Mice with Acute B Lymphocytic Leukemia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Quercetin on cell cycle and adhesive molecules of NOD.SCID mice with acule B lymphocytic leuaemia(B-ALL). METHODS: 5×106 Nalm-6(B-ALL cell line) cells were injected into the tail vein of 48 NOD/SCID mice to establish the NOD/SCID mice with B-ALL. After 15 day, the NOD/SCID mice with B-ALL were randomly divided into 3 groups: salive group as control (injection with saline of 0.2 ml/mouse), cyclophos-phamid group (injection with cyclophosphamide of 100µg/kg) and quercetin group(injection with quercetin of 3 mg/kg). After treatment for 21 d, the perecntage of Nalm-6 cells in G1, G2, M and S phases was detected by flow cytonetry; the B lymphocytes Nalm-6 cells, neutrophils and WBC in while blood were counted before and after treatment; the expression of intercellalar. Adhesion molecole-1(FCAIU-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1) and P-selectin was detected by double autibody soundwich method. RESULTS: Compared with level before treatment, the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and P-selectin decreased after treatment with guercetin, The hemogram showed that the peripheral blood nentrophil level obviously increased, while the levels of B lymphocytes, Nalm-6 cells and WBC count decreased obviously after treatment with guercetin. The cell proliferatim rario in G0/G1 phase decreased, yet the cell proliferation ratio in S and G2/M phases increased after treatment with guercetin. CONCLUSION: The guercetin can decrease the intercellular adhesion through inhibition of ICAM-1 expression, and arrests Nalm-6 cells in S and G2/M phases. The guercetin has obviously inhibitory effect on B-ALL cells.

[Expression of Forkhead boxO1 and Runt-related transcription factor 2 in periodontal tissue during orthodontic movement of teeth in rats].

PURPOSE: To investigate the expression of FoxO1 and Runx2 in periodontal tissue and their effect during orthodontic teeth movement(OTM) in rats. METHODS: Forty 8-week old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to establish animal models of orthodontic teeth movement and divided into 5 groups randomly. The right side of jaws of each rat was set as experimental side, and the left side as control side. At 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 d after orthodontic treatment, the rats were sacrificed and the maxillary bone containing the first molar was dissected. H-E staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the morphological changes, the expression of FoxO1 and Runx2 of the periodontal tissue at different points. Computer image analysis was used to evaluate the expression of FoxO1 and Runx2 in the periodontal tissues of the rats. The differences were analyzed by using SPSS19.0 software package. RESULTS: The expression of FoxO1 in periodontal ligament was mainly in osteoblasts and cementoblasts; and the expression of Runx2 was mainly in osteoblasts, fibroblasts and cementoblasts. In the experimental group,the expressions of FoxO1 and Runx2 in the periodontal tissues of rats increased significantly, reached the peak within 3-5 days, then decreased. There was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group at 14th day (P>0.05), but significant difference was found between other group and control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: FoxO1 and Runx2 play a role in the reconstruction of periodontal tissue during orthodontic movement of teeth, and they are mainly involved in the process of osteoblast formation and bone formation.

[Changes of upper airway in Classâ ¡children with high mandibular plane angle before and after functional treatment by high headgear-activator].

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the changes of upper airway before and after functional correction in ClassⅡmalocclusion children with high mandibular plane angle at growth and development peak. METHODS: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) data of the upper airway were inputted into Minics 17.0 software for measurement of changes in the upper airway before and after functional treatment by high headgear-activator. The changes of upper airway before and after treatment were analyzed with SPSS22.0 software package. RESULTS: The change of the total volume of the upper airway, the volume of the velopharynx, glossopharynx, laryngopharynx; the sectional area of the tip of soft palate, roof of the epiglottis, the minimum sectional area of the oropharynx were significant (P<0.05). The upper airway morphology tended to be circular in the soft palate tip plane(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the plane of epiglottis(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: High headgear-activator corrected mandibular hypoplasia in children with increased airway volume, increased ventilation, improved respiratory function to prevent occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome after adult.

[Effect of different root control attachments on the mesially movement of upper molar with plastic aligner].

PURPOSE: Three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) was used to explore the mechanical effect of the upper molar with different root control attachment in plastic aligner-based orthodontic technology. METHODS: A three-dimensional(3D) finite element model was derived from a cone-beam CT(CBCT) scan data and then built in the software of Mimics, Geomagic, Solidworks and Ansys. A model with an upper left first molar and its periodontal apparatus, different types of light-cured composite attachments and thermoformed plastic aligners were constructed. Four models were constructed: model A without composite attachments, model B with vertical rectangular attachment, model C with one optimized semiterete attachment, model D with two optimized semiterete attachments. Four FE models were used to analyze the effects of initial force system and displacement pattern of the molar in plastic aligner-mediated simulating mesial movement with different attachments. The initial tooth displacement, tension-compression pattern at the PDL and Von Mises stress in mesial alveolar fossa of different FE models were compared. RESULTS: In model D with two optmisied semiterete attachments, the compression stress of mesial periodontal ligament and the stress of mesial alveolar fossa were most widely distributed. The rotation axis was closest to the apical foramen, the root control effect of the molar was the best. In model B with buccal vertical rectangular, the compression stress of mesial periodontal ligament closer to buccal side was obviously wider than that of the palate. The rotation center of the buccal side was obviously near the apical foramen than the palatal side. The effect of buccal root control was better than that of palatal side. In model C with one semiterete optimized attachment, the stress pattern of the periodontal ligament in the mesial surface and the displacement patterns were not significantly different from those of model A with no attachments, but the maximum displacement of model C was greater than that of model A. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of attachments increased the molar's movement efficiency. Two semiterete optimized attachments on the buccal side had the best root control effect during mesial movement of the molar, but all attachments achieved tipping movement of the molar.

Plasmon-enhanced versatile optical nonlinearities in a Au-Ag-Au multi-segmental hybrid structure.

A Au-Ag-Au multi-segmental hybrid structure has been synthesized by using an electrodeposition method based on an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane. The third-order optical nonlinearities, second harmonic generation (SHG) and photoluminescence (PL) properties containing ultrafast supercontinuum generation and plasmon mediated thermal emission have been investigated. Significant optical enhancements have been obtained near surface plasmon resonance wavelength in all the abovementioned nonlinear processes. Comparative studies between the Au-Ag-Au multi-segmental hybrid structure and the corresponding single-component Au and Ag hybrid structures demonstrate that the Au-Ag-Au multi-segmental hybrid structure has much larger optical nonlinearities than its counterparts. These results demonstrate that the Au-Ag-Au hybrid structure is a promising candidate for applications in plasmonic devices and enhancement substrates.

Accuracy and reproducibility of 3D digital tooth preparations made by gypsum materials of various colors.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to identify the accuracy and reproducibility of preparations made by gypsum materials of various colors using quantitative and semi-quantitative three-dimensional (3D) approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A titanium maxillary first molar preparation was created as reference dataset (REF). Silicone impressions were duplicated from REF and randomized into 6 groups (n=8). Gypsum preparations were formed and grouped according to the color of gypsum materials, and light-scanned to obtain prepared datasets (PRE). Then, in terms of accuracy, PRE were superimposed on REF using the best-fit-algorithm and PRE underwent intragroup pairwise best-fit alignment for assessing reproducibility. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) and degrees of similarity (DS) were computed and analyzed with SPSS 20.0 statistical software (α=.05). RESULTS: In terms of accuracy, PREs in 3D directions were increased in the 6 color groups (from 19.38 to 20.88 µm), of which the marginal and internal variations ranged 51.36 - 58.26 µm and 18.33 - 20.04 µm, respectively. On the other hand, RMSD value and DS-scores did not show significant differences among groups. Regarding reproducibility, both RMSD and DS-scores showed statistically significant differences among groups, while RMSD values of the 6 color groups were less than 5 µm, of which blue color group was the smallest (3.27 ± 0.24 µm) and white color group was the largest (4.24 ± 0.36 µm). These results were consistent with the DS data. CONCLUSION: The 3D volume of the PREs was predisposed towards an increase during digitalization, which was unaffected by gypsum color. Furthermore, the reproducibility of digitalizing scanning differed negligibly among different gypsum colors, especially in comparison to clinically observed discrepancies.

In Vitro, in Vivo, and Interaction Studies of Nematophagous Fungus Arthrobotrys thaumasia ( Monacrosporium thaumasium) with the Larvae of Trichostrongylides of Sheep.

It is important to isolate potential candidates from the local isolates of nematophagous fungi and to investigate interaction between the fungal strains and gastrointestinal nematodes for the biological control of parasitic nematodes in livestock. In the present study, we assessed the in vitro predatory activity and the viability of isolates of Arthrobotrys thaumasia ( Monacrosporium thaumasium) after passage through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. The predatory process of a representative isolate selected against the larvae of trichostrongylids was prepared with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In vitro experiments tested the ability of 9 native isolates of A. thaumasia to prey on larvae of feces of sheep infected with natural mixed nematodes ( Haemonchus contortus, Trichostongylus colubriformis, Marshallagia mongolica). These isolates of A. thaumasia decreased infectivity of third stage infective larvae (L3) by 75.54-99.97%; 7 isolates decreased infectivity by more than 90%. In vivo experiments also demonstrated significant reductions of L3 numbers in the feces treated with the 9 isolates after passing through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep, and these decreases ranged from 51.68 to 88.16%. The isolates tested were re-isolated in 5-g sub-samples of feces from sheep in each treatment group, indicating that these isolates had the capacity to prey upon larvae of trichostrongylids after the passage through gastrointestinal tract. SEM shows that at 6 hr after the larvae were added, including the second stage larvae (L2) and L3 of trichostrongylids, the isolate NBS 005 caught them; at 8 hr after being caught L2 was penetrated by the fungus while penetration of L3 occurred at 12 hr; at 78 hr post-capture L2 was completely destroyed by the fungus while complete digestion of L3 occurred at 84 hr.

[Effects of EMD on relapse and root repair after orthodontic tooth movement in rats].

PURPOSE: To study the effect of enamel matrix derivative(EMD) on root repair and tooth movement relapse after orthodontic tooth movement in rats. METHODS: Twenty 10-weeks old male rats were divided into experimental and control group randomly (n=10). 100 g force was exerted to the left maxillary first molars for 14 days and then removed. EMD was injected in rats in the experimental group since appliance was removed. The control group received no injection. Micro-CT was taken to analyze the changes of root resorption volume and distance of tooth movement. The differences were analyzed by SPSS19.0 software package. RESULTS: Fourteen days after device removal, the repair volume of root resorption lacunae in the experimental group and the control group were (0.0295±0.0052)×107 µm3，(0.0189±0.0086)×107 µm3, respectively. The relapse distance and relapse percentage after tooth movement were (0.089±0.005) mm, (64.76±3.63)%, (0.127±0.010) mm and (92.28±1.90)%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed the repair volume of root resorption lacunae, the relapse distance and relapse percentage were statistically significant 14 days after device removal (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: EMD can enhance the effect of root repair and decrease early relapse after orthodontic tooth movement in a certain extent.

[Mandibular condensability and length contraction: an animal experimental study].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the condensability of mandibular length. METHODS: In six goats were used in the study. Corticotomy at right mandibular angles was performed via extral-oral accession. Special devices were applied to shorten the mandible by 0.5 mm per three days respectively. RESULTS: 1. Mandibular angles of the six goats were shorten by 0.8 cm to 1.3 cm respectively in 48 days to 78 days; 2. In spite of the lower ascending ramus moving forward and angles being blunt, the occlusion scarcely varied because of contralateral bite-lock; 3. X-ray demonstrated that, at first, bone density in contracted areas declined, and then increased gradually to almost normal density; 4. Under microscope there were three tissues layers from central to lateral within the bone gap: fiber layer, cartilage layer and bone layer, and fiber layer gradually transform into cartilage layer with the fixed time. At the end of fixation they all transform into bone tissue. CONCLUSION: Contraction osteogenesis is actually a process of compression, absorption and rebuilding. It is feasible that using contraction osteogenesis to shorten the mandible via cortcotomy.