Fifteen-minute consultation: The review of a child with trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome).

Down's syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality seen in live born children and it is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. It is associated with abnormalities in many body systems, some of which can cause life threatening complications. This article aims to cover the important aspects to cover when seeing children with DS for their routine follow-up in the neurodevelopmental or general paediatric clinic.

Low-dose rituximab is no less effective for nephrotic syndrome measured by 12-month outcome.

OBJECTIVE: Rituximab is an effective treatment for children with steroid dependent or frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. The optimum dosing schedule for rituximab has not been established. We hypothesized that a single low dose of 375 mg/m2 would have comparable outcomes to higher doses in reducing the frequency of relapse and time to B cell reconstitution. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter retrospective observational cohort study of children with steroid-sensitive frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Data were extracted from clinical records including the dates of diagnosis, treatment, relapses, the use of concomitant immunosuppression, and lymphocyte subset profiling. Patients treated earlier received variable doses of rituximab, although typically two doses of 750 mg/m2. Later, patients received the current regimen of a single dose of 375 mg/m2. The primary outcome was an absence of clinically confirmed relapse 12 months following rituximab administration. Secondary outcomes were median time to relapse, probability of being relapse-free at 6 and 24 months and time to reconstitution of CD19+ B cells. RESULTS: Sixty patients received 143 courses of rituximab. Seven different dosing regimen strategies were used, ranging between 375 and 750 mg/m2 per dose, with administration of 1-4 doses. There was no significant difference in event-free survival at 12 months between dosing strategies. The median time to reconstitution of B cells was not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a single low-dose regimen of rituximab in the management of frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome does not affect the probability of relapse at 12 months or time to B cell reconstitution compared to a conventional higher dose.

A Sharp Lesson: Duodenal Perforation 2 Months after Ingestion of a Pin.

An 11-year-old female child presented 2 months after accidentally swallowing her hijab pin, with right-sided abdominal pain. An X-ray showed that the pin was located in her right upper quadrant, and at laparoscopy, it was found to have eroded through her duodenum into her liver. Ingested pins should always be removed if not passed spontaneously within the first few days.

Fifteen-minute consultation: the management of microscopic haematuria.

Haematuria can be a troublesome symptom with various different methods of presentation and aetiologies. Microscopic haematuria is a common coincidental finding often found when the patient has presented for another reason. We will discuss the subject of haematuria but will focus the majority of this article on the discussion of microscopic haematuria, including a definition, the important features to cover in the history and examination, aetiologies to suspect in children and infants, and a suggested approach to assessing these patients in secondary care.