A Scoping Review of Safety and Health Interventions in the High-Risk Dairy Industry: Gaps in Evidence Point to Future Directions in Research.

The occupational injury rate of the dairy industry (6.6 per 100 full-time workers) is twice that of the national average across all industries (3.3 per 100 full-time workers). While dairy farms are becoming larger in size and fewer in number, this rate has not changed. A scoping review was conducted to identify published reports of occupational safety interventions in the dairy industry. An additional criterion was that the study included an evaluation of the intervention. Out of 22 articles that met the first criterion (discussion of interventions specific to the dairy industry), 19 met the second of having an evaluative component. These 19 articles corresponded to 16 unique studies, because 4 articles corresponded to the same study. Of the 16 unique studies, only 3 had a comparison of treatment vs. control effects, and none measured the impact of the intervention on injuries and fatalities. Of the 16 interventions, 6 were focused on training or informational campaigns in which the evaluations primarily measured knowledge acquisition. Additionally, none of these studies had a sufficient sample size to compare injury rates as an outcome. Our study demonstrates that the literature lacks any rigorous evaluation of whether dairy safety interventions are making an impact on injury prevention. Given this, it is not possible to determine how work-related injuries and deaths can be prevented in the dairy industry. Recommendations for future research include incorporating rigorous evaluation into research designs and attempting to develop low-cost, unobtrusive methods for collecting data on intermediate and final outcomes.

Agricultural Fatalities in New York State from 2009-2018: Trends from the past Decade Gathered from Media Reports.

OBJECTIVES: Agriculture remains one of the most dangerous industries in the United States. Fatal injury reports influence outreach and education training topics and assist in prioritizing research efforts and federal funding priorities. News stories of agricultural fatalities are routinely collected and cataloged by the New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health (NYCAMH). METHODS: The database was queried for agricultural fatalities in New York State between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2018. Descriptive statistics were calculated based on a variety of factors including age, gender, geographic location, type of event, and source of injury. The 2017 Census of Agriculture data was used to calculate denominator data for persons at risk. RESULTS: Over the ten-year period from 2009 to 2018, one hundred sixty-nine (169) people were killed in agricultural injury events in New York. The most frequent cause of fatality was tractor related incidents, comprising nearly half of all fatalities (44%). There were 14 deaths of children nine and younger and an additional 11 deaths of adolescents between 10-19 years old. Steuben County had the highest rate of fatal injury at 20.9/100,000 FTE, followed by Jefferson County at 19.4/100,000 FTE. CONCLUSIONS: While the rates of workers killed on the job have dramatically dropped in many industries, agricultural fatalities remain stubbornly elevated above the all-worker fatality rate of 3.5/100,000 FTE. These data, along with non-fatal injury data, should be used to guide prevention and intervention activities. Such loss of life should underscore the tremendous stress the agricultural community is under, and serve to funnel resources to strengthen these communities, businesses and workers.

Predictors of phoneme and stress perception in undergraduate students of singing.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the relationship between undergraduate vocal music majors' diction acquisition abilities for singing in a nonnative language (as rated both by themselves and by their studio voice teachers) and their scores on an objective test of phonemic and stress perception. Ten students with varying levels of university voice training served as participants. The results showed significant negative correlations between each of the teachers' four ratings and the students' scores on the phonemic awareness subtest. In addition, 20% of the students demonstrated evidence of underdeveloped phonemic awareness skills, as indicated by their below average test performance. Considerable individual differences were also observed in the students' abilities to track phonemes within a sequence of phonemes, count and track syllables within a sequence of syllables, and track combinations of phoneme and syllable changes in sequence, as evidenced by subtest performance scores. These findings corroborate existing reports which indicate that approximately 30% of the population does not fully develop phonemic awareness skills in the absence of special training. The findings support the utility of this objective test of phonemic and stress perception as a means of identifying students who will have difficulty with diction acquisition, and point to possibilities for pretraining to improve their response to diction instruction.