Oral Manifestation of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in a Kidney Transplant Recipient with Cytomegalovirus Co-Infection: a Case Report / Manifestação Oral por Pseudomonas Aeruginosa em Paciente Transplantado Renal com Coinfecção por Citomegalovírus: Relato de Caso

Opportunistic viral infections are common in kidney transplant recipients. They are mainly caused by cytomegalovirus, which in addition to causing infection, can increase immunosuppression and facilitate colonization by other pathogens. This study presents the clinical case report of a kidney transplant recipient affected by cytomegalovirus who presented oral lesions caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A 55-year-old male patient with gingival burning and chewing pain presented whitish areas in his gums in the region from element 22 to 24, surrounded by erythematous areas. Culture examination and biopsy revealed the presence of the bacteria P. aeruginosa, confirmed by blood culture. After seven days of antibiotic therapy, a significant improvement was observed in his oral condition. Thus, it was concluded that the oral cavity was the infection site in this kidney transplant patient, demonstrating the importance of a dentist in a multidisciplinary team to perform early diagnosis of oral lesions, and thus prevent possible systemic complications that may culminate in graft rejection. (AU)

Infecções virais oportunistas são comuns em transplantados renais, principalmente causadas pelo citomegalovírus, que além de causar infecção, pode aumentar a imunossupressão e facilitar a colonização por outros patógenos. Nós apresentamos aqui o relato de caso clínico de um transplantado renal acometido por citomegalovírus que apresentou lesões bucais causadas por P. aeruginosa. Paciente do sexo masculino, 55 anos, com ardência gengival e dor à mastigação, apresentava áreas esbranquiçadas em gengiva na região do 22 ao 24 circundadas por áreas eritematosas. Exame de cultura e biópsia revelaram a presença da bactéria P. aeruginosa, confirmada na hemocultura. Após sete dias de antibioticoterapia, observamos melhora significativa da condição bucal. Assim, concluímos que a cavidade bucal foi o sítio da infecção no paciente transplantado renal demonstrando a importância do dentista em equipe multidisciplinar para realizar diagnóstico precoce de lesões bucais e assim prevenir possíveis complicações sistêmicas que possam culminar com a rejeição do enxerto. (AU)

A Cross-Sectional Study of the Association Between Chronic Oral Disease Burden and Serum Biomarkers in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

INTRODUCTION: Poor oral health can negatively affect general health and quality of life of kidney transplant recipients. The study aimed to investigate the association between chronic oral disease burden, serum biomarkers, and comorbidities in kidney transplant recipients. DESIGN: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted with 44 patients after kidney transplant. The burden of chronic oral disease was composed of the following observable variables: moderate periodontitis and presence of dental caries. Serum biomarkers and comorbidities data were collected. The chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables and Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables were used. Robust Poisson regression was used to model the association. RESULTS: Higher levels of mean uric acid (P = .01) and creatinine (P = .03) were observed in the group of patients with oral disease burden, while the highest level of high-density lipoprotein was observed in the group without oral disease. Higher values of uric acid were associated with the occurrence of chronic oral disease burden (Adjusted PR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.03-1.48, P = .019). There was no statistical difference between the groups with and without oral disease burden in comorbidities present. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that chronic oral diseases burden can be associated with uric acid and creatinine levels in kidney transplant recipients.

Links among Ambivalent sexism, Gender Role Ideology and domestic and care work in Argentinian households

Abstract The present empirical study inquires on the relations among sexism, gender role ideology and domestic and care work in heterosexual women who share a home with their couples and at least one child, in CABA and GBA (Argentina) in 2019. Two previously existent (Moya, Expósito & Padilla, 2006; Glick & Fiske, 1996) and validated in Argentina scales were used, and a new scale for measuring domestic and care activities was created. A correlational and transversal study with a quantitative approach was carried out, and the data was recollected through an auto-administrated evaluation instrument sent by Facebook and Whatsapp social media. The sample includes 437 cases. Regarding the constructed scale, reliability, exploratory and confirmatory analysis were performed. Additionally, a moderate positive correlation among the dependent and independent variables was identified. It is possible to suggest that the hypothesis presented in this study is partially corroborated, that is, that the domestic and care work type of division is explained by the level of adhesion to the Gender Role Ideology.

Resumen El presente estudio empírico indaga respecto a las relaciones entre el sexismo, la adhesión a la ideología del rol de género y la división del trabajo doméstico y de cuidados en mujeres heterosexuales que viven en pareja y tienen al menos une hije compartiendo el mismo hogar, en CABA y GBA (Argentina) en 2019. Se utilizaron dos escalas existentes (Moya, Expósito y Padilla, 2006; Glick y Fiske, 1996) previamente validadas en Argentina, y se construyó una escala nueva para medir las tareas domésticas y de cuidado. Se realizó un estudio correlacional de corte transversal con un abordaje cuantitativo y los datos fueron recolectados a través de un instrumento de evaluación de índole autoadministrable mediante las redes sociales Facebook y Whatsapp. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 437 casos. Se realizaron los correspondientes análisis de fiabilidad, exploratorio y confirmatorio para la escala construida. Asimismo, se identificó una correlación positiva moderada entre la variable dependiente y las variables independientes. Es posible sugerir que se corrobora parcialmente la hipótesis planteada en este trabajo, es decir, que el tipo de división del trabajo doméstico y de cuidados se explica por el nivel de adhesión a la ideología del rol de género.

Is severe early childhood caries predictive of caries and fluorosis in permanent teeth? Ten-year follow-up / A cárie severa da infância é um fator preditivo para cárie e fluorose na dentição permanente? Acompanhamento por 10 anos

Introduction: Severe early childhood caries is defined as the presence of any sign of decay in children younger than three years. Objective: This retrospective longitudinal observational study investigated caries and fluorosis in children with S-ECC from a city with fluoridated water. Material and method: We included children under the age of three years who followed a maternal and child dental care program between the years of 1997 and 2003. The children were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (S-ECC) and group 2 (no caries). Guardians were contacted by telephone or mail. Caregivers completed questionnaire on socio-demographic and behavioral variables. The clinical dental examinations were performed in a dental clinic to assess caries experience and dental fluorosis. Multiple linear regression was used to determine factors associated with DMFT, and multivariate analysis by multiple logistic regression was used to determine the possible independent factors associated with the occurrence of fluorosis. Result: The sample consisted of 126 patients aged 8-12 years, of whom 52.4% were male. The presence of S-ECC increased the DMFT by an average of 0.84 (p = 0.02). Both the frequency of tooth brushing and the use of standard toothpaste were protective factors from the development of caries in the permanent dentition (p <0.05). Parents who reported that their children refused to brush their teeth had 70% less chance of developing fluorosis (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The presence of S-ECC was a risk factor for the development of caries in the permanent dentition, but not for the development of fluorosis.

Introdução: Cárie severa da infância (S-ECC) é definida como a presença de qualquer sinal de cárie em crianças menores de três anos. Objetivo: Este estudo observacional longitudinal retrospectivo objetivou avaliar cárie e fluorose em crianças com S-ECC de uma cidade com água fluoretada. Material e método: Foram incluídas crianças com idade inferior a três anos acompanhadas em um programa de atendimento odontológico materno e infantil entre os anos de 1997 e 2003. As crianças foram divididas em 2 grupos: grupo 1 (S-ECC) e grupo 2 (sem cárie). Os responsáveis foram contatados por telefone ou correio. Os exames clínicos dentários foram realizados no consultório odontológico para avaliar a experiência de cárie e fluorose dentária. Regressão linear múltipla foi utilizada para determinar os fatores associados ao CPOD, e análise multivariada por regressão logística múltipla foi utilizada para determinar os possíveis fatores independentes associados com a ocorrência de fluorose. Resultado: A amostra foi composta por 126 pacientes com idade entre 8 e 12 anos, dos quais 52,4% eram do sexo masculino. A presença de S-CEC aumentou o CPOD em média de 0,84 (p = 0,02). Tanto a frequência de limpeza, uso de dentifrício padrão foram fatores de proteção para desenvolvimento de cárie na dentição permanente (p <0,05). As crianças cujos pais relataram que se recusaram a escovar os dentes tinham 70% menos chance de desenvolver fluorose (p = 0,02). Conclusão: A presença de S-ECC não foi fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de fluorose, mas foi para cárie na dentição permanente.

[Epidemiological surveillance of dental fluorosis in a city with a tropical climate with a fluoridated public drinking water supply]. / Vigilância epidemiológica da fluorose dentária em município de clima tropical com água de abastecimento público fluoretada.

The scope of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among 11 to 14-year-old schoolchildren in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, which is a tropical city with a fluoridated public drinking water supply. It involved a cross-sectional observational study on a sample of 571 students in public and private schools. Informed Consent forms were approved for the data collection and the exams were conducted at the schools. Data were recorded on a questionnaire answered by the parents, regarding the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and oral hygiene habits of the sample. The dental exam was performed qualified dental sugeons. The Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) index was used. The prevalence of fluorosis was 77.9%, and only 12.5% of the affected children had TF ≥ grade 3 (with aesthetic damage). The premolars were the teeth most affected by fluorosis. Among the students with the highest severity of fluorosis, 98.6% belonged to the lowest social bracket (> B2), 91.5% were born and had always lived in Teresina, 94.4% consumed water from the fluoridated public supply, 76% used toothpaste for children and 64% of mothers reported that they swallowed toothpaste. The prevalence of fluorosis was high, though the severity was low in individuals exposed to fluoridation since birth.

Vigilância epidemiológica da fluorose dentária em município de clima tropical com água de abastecimento público fluoretada / Epidemiological surveillance of dental fluorosis in a city with a tropical climate with a fluoridated public drinking water supply

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência e a severidade de fluorose dentária em escolares de 11 a 14 anos de idade em Teresina (PI) Brasil, município de clima tropical com água de abastecimento público fluoretada. Estudo do tipo observacional transversal no qual foram avaliadas 571 crianças distribuídas nas redes pública e particular de ensino. A coleta de dados foi realizada nas unidades escolares, após recolhimento do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) e questionário respondido pelos pais referentes às condições socioeconômicas e demográficas e aos hábitos de higiene bucal. O exame dentário foi realizado por um cirurgião-dentista calibrado. O índice aplicado foi o Thylstrup e Fejerskov (TF). A prevalência de fluorose foi de 77,9%, e apenas 12,5% das crianças acometidas apresentaram TF ≥ 3, grau com comprometimento estético. Os pré-molares foram os dentes mais afetados pela fluorose. Dentre os escolares com maior severidade de fluorose, 98,6% dos pertenciam à classe social mais baixa (>B2), 91,5% nasceram e sempre moraram em Teresina, 94,4% consumiam água de abastecimento fluoretada, 76% usaram dentifrício infantil e 64% as mães relataram que engoliam dentifrício. A prevalência de fluorose foi elevada, mas com baixa severidade, em indivíduos expostos à fluoretação desde o nascimento.

Abstract The scope of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among 11 to 14-year-old schoolchildren in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, which is a tropical city with a fluoridated public drinking water supply. It involved a cross-sectional observational study on a sample of 571 students in public and private schools. Informed Consent forms were approved for the data collection and the exams were conducted at the schools. Data were recorded on a questionnaire answered by the parents, regarding the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and oral hygiene habits of the sample. The dental exam was performed qualified dental sugeons. The Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) index was used. The prevalence of fluorosis was 77.9%, and only 12.5% of the affected children had TF ≥ grade 3 (with aesthetic damage). The premolars were the teeth most affected by fluorosis. Among the students with the highest severity of fluorosis, 98.6% belonged to the lowest social bracket (> B2), 91.5% were born and had always lived in Teresina, 94.4% consumed water from the fluoridated public supply, 76% used toothpaste for children and 64% of mothers reported that they swallowed toothpaste. The prevalence of fluorosis was high, though the severity was low in individuals exposed to fluoridation since birth.

Prevalence and potential factors associated with probable sleep or awake bruxism and dentin hypersensitivity in undergraduate students / Prevalência e potenciais fatores associados ao provável bruxismo do sono e em vigília e hiperestesia dentinária cervical em universitários

Objective: To measure the prevalence of probable sleep or awake bruxism and cervical dentin hypersensitivity of undergraduate students and to determine the symptoms associated with these conditions. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study. A diagnosis of probable bruxism was reached when students reported clenching or grinding of the teeth during sleep and/or wakefulness, and when they also presented some of the signs and symptoms of bruxism and masseter muscle pain on palpation. Cervical dentinal hypersensitivity was diagnosed by testing for sensitivity to pain in the cervical region of the teeth. Pain was triggered either by touch (using a #5 probe) or by an air jet spray. The sample consisted of 306 university students aged between 19 and 35 years old. The data were stored and analysed using SPSS software, version 15.0 for Windows. Result: The prevalence of probable bruxism was 34.3%, with no predominance regarding sex. Probable awake bruxism was more prevalent (61.9%), mostly occurring when the individual reported being in a state of mental concentration (63.1%). There was no association between probable sleep or awake bruxism and dentin hypersensitivity (p = 0.195). Individuals with probable sleep bruxism had increased odds of having muscular pain in the face upon waking (OR = 14.14, 95% CI 5.06-39.55), and those with probable awake bruxism had a increased odds of having facial muscle fatigue when chewing or talking for a long time (OR = 2.88, 95% CI 1.53-5.43) and muscular pain in the face upon waking (OR = 5.31, 95% CI 1.93-14.62). Conclusion: The prevalence of probable bruxism was 34.3% and that of HDC was 57.8%, with 22.2% of these subjects also showing probable bruxism. Individuals with probable bruxism tended to have a higher odds of facial pain when they awakened and when chewing or talking for long periods. There were no associations between probable sleep and awake bruxism and cervical dentin hypersensitivity. .

Objetivo: Mensurar a prevalência de provável bruxismo do sono e em vigília e de hiperestesia dentinária cervical de estudantes universitários e verificar os sintomas a eles associados. Metodologia: Este é um estudo transversal, cujo diagnóstico de provável bruxismo foi realizado pelo relato dos estudantes em ranger e/ou apertar os dentes durante o sono e em vigília combinado com o diagnóstico clínico de desgaste dentário e dor da musculatura do masseter à palpação. O diagnóstico de hipersensibilidade dentinária cervical foi realizado por testes de sensibilidade ao toque com sonda exploradora e a jato de ar da seringa tríplice. A amostra consistiu de 306 universitários entre 19 a 35 anos. Os dados foram armazenados e analisados no programa SPSS v.15.0 for Windows. Resultado: A prevalência de provável bruxismo foi de 34,3%, não havendo predominância entre os gêneros. O provável bruxismo em vigília foi o mais predominante (61,9%), ocorrendo principalmente quando o indivíduo estava em estado de concentração (63,1%). Não houve uma associação entre provável bruxismo do sono e em vigília e hiperestesia dentinária (p=0,195). Os indivíduos com provável bruxismo do sono possuíram maior chance de acordar com dor nos músculos da face (OR=14,14, IC95% 5,06-39,55) e com provável bruxismo em vigília maior chance de cansaço muscular facial ao mastigar ou falar por muito tempo (OR=2,88, IC95% 1,53-5,43) e dor nos músculos da face ao acordar (OR=5,31, IC95% 1,93-14,62). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de provável bruxismo foi 34,3% e de HDC 57,8%, com 22,2% destes também apresentando provável bruxismo, mas sem associação estatística. Indivíduos com provável bruxismo tendem a ter maior ...

Fatores de risco relacionados à condição de saúde periodontal em universitários / Risk factors related to periodontal health status in undergraduate students

Introdução: A doença periodontal pode ter seu início na infância e na adolescência, e progredir lentamente ao longo da vida. Em universitários, a forma mais comum e prevalente da doença é a gengivite. Objetivo: Mensurar a condição de saúde periodontal de uma amostra de universitários e verificar existência da associação com variáveis sociodemográficas e os fatores de risco envolvidos. Material e Método: A amostra consistiu de 306 universitários voluntários, com idade entre 19 e 35 anos, sendo usados como indicadores de saúde bucal os índices: Índice Periodontal Comunitário (CPI) e Índice de Dentes Cariados, Perdidos e Obturados (CPO-D). Para processamento e análise dos dados, foi usado o programa SPSS versão 18.0. A classificação da condição periodontal foi dicotomizada em CPI < 3 e CPI ≥ 3.. Realizou-se regressão logística bivariada e multivariada para analisar a associação entre a condição periodontal e as variáveis independentes. Resultado: A amostra consistiu de 51,3% de mulheres e 48,7% de homens, tendo a maioria renda menor do que 6 salários mínimos. Observou-se que 14,4% da amostra era livre de cárie. A pior condição periodontal foi encontrada no sextante 6 e 20,9% da amostra apresentou bolsas rasas em ao menos um sextante. Houve associação entre a condição periodontal e as variáveis: gênero, renda, nível de higiene bucal e uso do fio dental (p < 0,05); entretanto, não houve associação entre aquela e o CPO-D da amostra (p = 0,48). Conclusão: A amostra apresentou leve condição de doença periodontal, com ausência de bolsas periodontais profundas. Indivíduos do gênero feminino, de renda acima de 4 salários, com bom nível de higiene bucal e que usam o fio dental tiveram melhor condição de saúde periodontal.

Introduction: Periodontal disease may have its onset during childhood and adolescence and slowly progress throughout life. In undergraduate students, the most common and prevalent form the disease is gingivitis. Objective: To assess the periodontal health status of a sample of undergraduate studentsand assess a possible association between the disease and socio-demographic variables, as well as the disease's risk factors. Material and Method: The sample consisted of 306 undergraduate students volunteers aged between 19 and 35 years. The oral health indices used were the CPI and DMFT. Data processing and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS® version 18.0 for Windows. The classification of periodontal status was dichotomized in CPI<3 and CPI≥ 3.. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to evaluate the association between periodontal status and the independent variables. Result: The sample consisted of 51.3% female and 48.7% male, mostly with income less than 6 Brazilian minimum salaries. 14.4% of the sample was caries free. The worst periodontal status was in sextant #6 and 20.9% had shallow periodontal pockets in one sextant at least. There was an association between periodontal health status and gender, income, level of oral hygiene and flossing (p <0.05), but not between that and DMFT sample (p = 0.48). Conclusion: The sample showed mild periodontal disease condition, with no deep pockets. Female subjects, who earn more than 4 minimum salaries, with a good level of oral hygiene and who use dental floss had better periodontal health.

Odontoma complexo extenso causando assimetria facial: relato de caso / Large complex odontoma with facial asymmetry: a case report

Odontoma é um tumor de malformação, em que esmalte e dentina e, às vezes, o cemento estão presentes. É o tumor odontogênico mais comum, representando 67% de todos os tumores odontogênicos. Ocorre em crianças, adolescentes e adultos jovens. Clinicamente, são frequentemente associados a lesões assintomáticas e a alterações na erupção da dentição decídua ou permanente. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de odontoma complexo na região posterior de maxila que atingiu grande extensão, tendo como consequência assimetria facial. Paciente de iniciais JLD, gênero masculino, 25 anos de idade, procurou atendimento no serviço de cirurgia e traumatologia buco-maxilo-facial do Hospital Getúlio Vargas em Teresina - PI, apresentando queixa de assimetria facial no lado esquerdo. Ao exame clínico observou-se uma massa gengival hiperplasiada de consistência endurecida, com coloração normal. A radiografia panorâmica mostrou uma área mista radiolúcida - radiopaca, de forma oval, provocando reabsorções de raízes dos 2º e 3º molares esquerdos superiores. Na tomografia computadorizada, observou-se lesão mista de contorno parcialmente delimitado. A exérese da lesão foi realizada por meio da biópsia excisional. Os cortes histológicos revelaram fragmentos de neoplasia benigna odontogênica, confirmando o diagnóstico como Odontoma complexo. A obtenção do resultado cirúrgico satisfatório com o mínimo de complicações é o objetivo.

The odontoma is a tumor of malformation in which enamel, dentin, and sometimes cementum are present. It is the most common odontogenic tumor, accounting for 67% of all odontogenic tumors. It occurs in children, adolescents and young adults. Clinically, these lesions are often asymptomatic and associated with changes in the eruption of the deciduous or permanent teeth. The objective of this study was to report a case of a complex odontoma of substantial proportions in the posterior maxilla with the resulting facial asymmetry. JLD, a 25-year-old male sought treatment in the Department of Traumatology and Maxillofacial Surgery at Getulio Vargas Hospital in Teresina-PI, complaining of facial asymmetry on the left side. The clinical examination revealed a hardened gingival hyperplastic mass with a normal color. The panoramic radiograph showed an oval mixed radiolucent/radiopaque area, causing resorption of roots of the second and third upper left molars. Computed tomography revealed a mixed lesion with partially defined contours. The removal of the tumor was performed by excision biopsy. The histological sections revealed fragments of a benign odontogenic neoplasia, confirming the diagnosis of complex odontoma. The goal is to obtain a satisfactory surgical result with a minimum of complications.

Saúde bucal de gestantes que frequentaram um programa odontológico de atenção materno infantil / Oral health of pregnant women attending a dental care program maternal child

Introdução - O Programa Preventivo para Gestantes e Bebês (PPGB) é uma atividade de extensão do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), cujo objetivo é o atendimento odontológico de gestantes e crianças na faixa etária de zero a36 meses. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o perfil e condições de saúde bucal das gestantes atendidas no PPGB no período de março de 2003 a março de 2009. Material e Método - Foram selecionados 933 prontuários que continham as informações necessáriasao estudo, como valores dos Índices de Placa Corada, Sangramento Gengival e CPO-D, além de aspectos sociodemográficos. Os dados foram transcritos para ficha elaborada parao estudo e digitadas em planilha do programa SPSS versão 17.0. Para análise estatística utilizou-se os testes Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn e qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 95%. Resultados - A amostra era composta em sua maioria por gestantes jovens (médiade idade 25,4 anos), escolaridade média de 9,6 anos de estudo formal, renda familiar mensal entre um e dois salários mínimos. A maioria estava na primeira gestação e buscou atendimento odontológico no segundo trimestre da gravidez por procedimentos preventivo-restauradores. As gestantes não relataram presença de sangramento gengival antes nem durante a gravidez. O Índice de Placa Corada médio foi de 70% e o CPO-D foi de 8,03, 10,55 e 15,43 para as faixas etárias até 19 anos, 20 a 29 anos e maior de 30 anos,respectivamente. Conclusão - Pode-se concluir que a maioria das gestantes necessitava de tratamento restaurador de baixa complexidade.

Introduction - The Preventive Program for Pregnant Women and Babies (PPPWB) is an outreach activity of the dental clinic of Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), whose objective is the dental care of pregnant women and children aged zero to 36 months. This study aimed to evaluate the profile and the oral health status of pregnant women in PPPWB from March 2003 to March 2009. Material and Methods - 933 records were selected containingthe information needed to study, as values of the index card flushed, gingival bleeding and DMFT, as well as socio-demographic factors. Data were transferred to the schedule established for the study and entered into the spreadsheet using SPSS 17.0. For statistical analysis were used the Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn and chi-square test with significance level of 95%. Results - The sample consisted mostly of young pregnant women (mean age 25.4years), average schooling of 9.6 years of formal schooling, monthly family income between one and two minimum wages. Most were in the first pregnancy and sought dental treatment in the second trimester of pregnancy for preventive, restorative procedures. The womendid not report the presence of gingival bleeding before or during pregnancy. The Plaque Index Flushed averaged 70% and DMFT was 8.03, 10.55 and 15.43 for age 19 years, 20 to 29 years and older than 30 years, respectively. Conclusion - It can be concluded that most pregnant women in need of restorative treatment of low complexity.

[Aspects of children's nutritional habits in two rural communities]. / Aspecte legate de alimentatia copiilor din doua colectivitati rurale.

Food intake and nutritional habits are influenced by many factors. The survey performed in two rural communities close to Roman city, but pending of different counties, shows that there are significant differences in food intake, related to the socio-economic status. The children from Valea Ursului have a more adequate food intake and the nutritional habits are closer to the ideal behaviour, compared with the children from Bacesti.

[Alcohol intake in young adults]. / Consumul de alcool la populatia tânara.

Even if chronic alcohol consumption in our group of young adults is under 10% (7.8%) we must take into account that another 30% are circumstantial alcohol users. The alcohol intake is more frequent in males and in young adults with academic degree. In order to rehabilitate an alcoholic, all the factors (medical, social and economic) must be addressed. Many people consider at this moment that alcoholism is no longer just a behaviour problem, but a disease that must be diagnosed and treated properly.

[Dietary survey in an obese population]. / Ancheta alimentara într-o populatie obeza.

The body mass index (BMI) shows a rate of 17.4% patients suffering from first degree fatness and 56.5% from second degree fatness. The frequency of the illness increases with age, the differences established being statistically important for a p of 0.001. 45.6% persons were diagnosed with HTA, with differences statistically important at a p of 0.01, so the number of cases increases with age. The same situation is to be found in cardiovascular illnesses (angina pectoris, ischaemic cardiopathy). The high level of cholesterol is more frequent at older people, and still the differences established are statistically not significant. In these conditions, the diet must be adapted to the patient's condition. A comparative study was made on groups of age, using the following groups of food: cereal derivatives, vegetables, fruits, dairy product, meat, fish. In most of the cases, the differences established are statistically not significant. So, even if the diagnosis is known, the patient doesn't give up his eating habits.

[Assessment of food intake in rural area school children]. / Aprecierea alimentatiei elevilor din mediul rural.

Children food intake is influenced by family nutritional habits and economic status. According to the results of our survey, only 54.8% of the children have taken their breakfast, although all of them recognize the importance of this meal. 9.6% of the children are not using fresh fruits and vegetables in their diets, even if these are the main sources of vitamin C. Regarding the milk consumption, most of the children use this food item once (35.5%) or twice (19.4%) a day and only 16.1% occasionally. Although most of the children (93.5%) know that excessive salt intake represents a risk factor for their health, 87.1% have preferences for salted and spiced foods. Under the influence of advertising, certain changes in the nutritional habits have been noticed; instead of traditional snacks, children are more attracted to fast-food type snacks.

[Effect of environmental factors on high school children's health ]. / Evaluarea actiunii unor factori de mediu asupra sanatatii elevilor din ultimele clase de liceu.

We studied 78 teenagers from Iasi Pedagogic High School. Body mass index values are mainly (83.3%) normal. 60.3% of the teenagers are coming from rural areas, but there are no significant differences between children coming from urban and rural areas. The frequency of families with more than 5 children in the urban areas is very small (1.3%), but in the rural areas this frequency is more than 10 times higher (15.4%). Due to this factor, the per capita income is reduced in the rural areas. Nutrition is a major problem in both urban and rural areas, due to unbalances food intake.