Evaluation of the use of computed tomography versus conventional orthogonal X-ray simulation in the treatment of rectal cancer.

The aim of this study is to compare and contrast the treatment fields designed using CT versus conventional orthogonal X-ray simulation in the treatment of patients with rectal cancer given preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nine patients participated in this study. The coverage of treatment fields, the volume of treatment fields, and the position of the anorectal junction in relation to the inferior border of the obturator foramen as the delineator of the pelvic floor were evaluated in each patient using CT and conventional orthogonal X-ray simulation. The results demonstrated undercoverage of the anterior border of the lateral fields of up to 2.5 cm in seven of nine patients when conventional orthogonal X-ray simulation was compared to CT simulation. In addition, the inferior border of the obturator foramen proved to be a poor delineator of the pelvic floor with the anorectal junction situated up to 2 cm superiorly in seven of nine patients. In conclusion, CT simulation is superior to conventional orthogonal X-ray simulation when designing treatment fields for patients with rectal cancer.

A representação social do líder construída por enfermeiros / The social representation of the leader adopted by nurses / La representación social del líder construida por enfermeros

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de identificar as Representações Sociais do "líder" elaboradas por enfermeiros. A investigação foi realizada em um hospital público federal, com enfermeiros que desempenham suas atividades junto à equipe de enfermagem. Os dados foram obridos através de entrevista semi-estruturada e posteriormente submetidos à análise temática de conteúdo subsidiada por Bardin de onde emergiram duas grandes categorias. Características do Líder e Relações Sociais. Da análise temática e interpretação dos dados resultaram as Representações Sociais do líder elaboradas por esses profissionais.

This study was conducted by nurses to find out the social representations of the leader. The survey was made in a state hospital among nurses who work with the nursing staff. The results were obtained from a rewarding interview and later undertaken to subject matter analysis carried out by Bardin(18), consequently two outstanding categories emerged: “The Leader Features” and“Social Relations”. From analysis and interpretation of the given results the social representations of the leader came up from this staff.

Fue desarrollado este estudio com el objetivo de identificar las Representaciones Sociales del “líder” elaboradas por enfermeros. La investigación fue realizada en um hospital público federal, com enfermeros que desempeñan sus actividades juntos a sus equipos. Los datos fueron obtenidos a través de entrevista semi-estructurada y posteriormente sometidos para análisis temática de contenido subsidiado por Bardin18, de donde surgieron dos grandes categorías:Características del Líder y Relaciones Sociales. De la análisise interpretación de los datos resultaron las Representaciones Sociales del Líder elaboradas por estos profesionales.

Structure of the ascarosides from Ascaris suum.

Six glycosides have been identified from the nematode Ascaris suum. The glycon part of all six glycosides is alpha L-3,6-dideoxymannose, previously known as ascarylose. The major components (4 and 5) and the minor components (8 and 9) have been shown by NMR and electrospray MS to involve a mixture of two homologous aglycons: the 2, omega-1 diols of hentriacontane and tritriacontane. Compounds 4 and 5 are glycosylated on only one of the hydroxy groups, while 8 and 9 are glycosylated on both. These compounds resemble ascarosides B and C previously isolated from Parascaris equorum. However, these aglycons are reported to be based on the 2,6-diol of hentriacontane. Compounds 6 and 7 are based on 2-hydroxy-nonacosane and 2-hydroxy-28-methylnonacosane glycosylated at C-2 with the same sugar. Although 6 and 7 are related to ascaroside A, previously isolated from P. equorum, these earlier reports suggest the chain in ascaroside A to be unbranched.