Câncer colorretal / Colorectal cancer

Objetivos: O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar um panorama geral, simples e acessível sobre o câncer colorretal (CCR), uma doença prevalente e letal abordando os principais aspectos dessa patologia e o caráter essencialmente cirúrgico do tratamento. Métodos: O estudo constitui-se de um artigo de revisão, realizado durante o mês de junho de 2017, por consulta a artigos científicos através de busca em língua inglesa dos descritores "colorectal neoplasm", "colorectal surgery", "rectum", "colon" e "cancer" no banco da base de dados UpToDate. Resultados: O rastreamento com colonoscopia promove diminuição da morbimortalidade. Grande parte dos CCR surgem de adenomas, a maioria progredindo lentamente de um pequeno pólipo, que cresce, torna-se displásico e, então, invasor. A remoção dos pólipos promove, portanto, a prevenção do CCR. Conclusões: Conclui-se, deste modo, que o CCR é uma patologia frequente, com métodos de rastreamento e diagnóstico bem estabelecidos, cujo tratamento curativo se dá essencialmente pela ressecção cirúrgica.

Aims: The objective of this article is to present a general, simple and accessible overview about Colorectal cancer (CRC), a prevalent and lethal disease, addressing the main aspects of this pathology and the essentially surgical character of the treatment. Methods: The study consists of a review article, carried out during the month of June 2017, by consulting scientific articles through the search in English for the terms "colorectal neoplasm", "colorectal surgery", "rectum", "colon" And "cancer" in the UpToDate database. Results: The results show that screening with colonoscopy promotes a decrease in morbidity and mortality, and that most CRCs arise from adenomas, progressing slowly from a small polyp, which grows, becomes dysplasic, and then invader. Removal of polyps therefore promotes CRC prevention. Conclusions: It is concluded, that way, that CRC is a frequent pathology, with well-established screening and diagnosis methods, and whose curative treatment is essentially through surgical resection.

Iron Loading Selectively Increases Hippocampal Levels of Ubiquitinated Proteins and Impairs Hippocampus-Dependent Memory.

Alterations of brain iron levels have been observed in a number of neurodegenerative disorders. We have previously demonstrated that iron overload in the neonatal period results in severe and persistent memory deficits in the adulthood. Protein degradation mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a central regulatory role in several cellular processes. Impairment of the UPS has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we examined the effects of iron exposure in the neonatal period (12th-14th day of postnatal life) on the expression of proteasome ß-1, ß-2, and ß-5 subunits, and ubiquitinated proteins in brains of 15-day-old rats, to evaluate the immediate effect of the treatment, and in adulthood to assess long-lasting effects. Two different memory types, emotionally motivated conditioning and object recognition were assessed in adult animals. We found that iron administered in the neonatal period impairs both emotionally motivated and recognition memory. Polyubiquitinated protein levels were increased in the hippocampus, but not in the cortex, of adult animals treated with iron. Gene expression of subunits ß1 and ß5 was affected by age, being higher in the early stages of development in the hippocampus, accompanied by an age-related increase in polyubiquitinated protein levels in adults. In the cortex, gene expression of the three proteasome subunits was significantly higher in adulthood than in the neonatal period. These findings suggest that expression of proteasome subunits and activity are age-dependently regulated. Iron exposure in the neonatal period produces long-lasting harmful effects on the UPS functioning, which may be related with iron-induced memory impairment.