[International adoption: children's health risk evolution]. / Adoption internationale: évolution des risques de santé chez les enfants.

The socioeconomic and sanitary conditions in many countries make it necessary to weigh as precisely as possible the uncertainties which might affect the health of internationally adopted children, which is one of the key drivers to adoption decision. Indeed, health troubles are more and more frequent among children proposed by countries, at a time when there are fewer children to be adopted. Hence the institutions and the actors in the field of international adoption are compelled to frequently update their professional practices, so as to cope both with the declining offer for adoptable children and with the increasing pressure from the birth countries of children to make host countries adopt children with high age or with special needs. It also requires from the administrations the will to provide better initial information and to implement the demand for an agreement. Meanwhile, in spite of those growing constraints, adopting families have been more and more risk adverse during the latest decades, this being a common trend in our developed countries.

Prevalence of asthma or respiratory symptoms among children attending primary schools in Paris.

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and asthma in 8- to 9-year-old children in Paris, and to analyze their medical management. This cross-sectional study was carried out in 1994 on a randomized sample of 3,756 pupils attending Paris public primary schools. The response rate by parents to an initial standardized self-administered questionnaire was 94.8%. This questionnaire identified 601 children (17%) as having recurrent respiratory symptoms. Of these children, 555 (92.3%) agreed to participate in a follow-up survey that evaluated their medical management; these children were examined by 73 school doctors of the city of Paris. Prevalence of parent-reported doctor-diagnosed asthma was 6.1%. In addition to these 211 children with asthma, 344 other children had recurrent respiratory symptoms: 120 children were "wheezers," and the remaining 224 children were "coughers." Among "chesty" pupils not identified as asthmatics, physical education teachers reported exercise-induced cough or respiratory discomfort in 13.7%, and nearly 14% had a peak expiratory flow 20% lower than the predicted values for age and height. In children identified as asthmatic, 25.3% were not under medical supervision, 55.5% had never performed lung function tests, 63.7% did not receive any prophylactic treatment, and 59.7% were receiving no treatment. Bronchodilator prophylactic medication before exercise was used by only 7% of asthmatics, although physical training teachers noted chest discomfort on exercise in 30.4% of these pupils. These results confirm that children with asthma and participating in this study were less than optimally investigated, were underdiagnosed and undertreated, and their medical management was not optimal. In addition to its epidemiologic value, the study has helped Paris school doctors to advise parents to refer their children to their general practitioner when asthma was suspected or undertreated.