Harnessing polyphenol power by targeting eNOS for vascular diseases.

Vascular diseases arise due to vascular endothelium dysfunction in response to several pro-inflammatory stimuli and invading pathogens. Thickening of the vessel wall, formation of atherosclerotic plaques consisting of proliferating smooth muscle cells, macrophages and lymphocytes are the major consequences of impaired endothelium resulting in atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure and many others. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability was found to be associated with anomalous endothelial function because of either its reduced production level by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) which synthesize this potent endogenous vasodilator from L-arginine or its enhanced breakdown due to severe oxidative stress and eNOS uncoupling. Polyphenols are a group of bioactive compounds having more than 7000 chemical entities present in different cereals, fruits and vegetables. These natural compounds possess many OH groups which are largely responsible for their strong antioxidative, anti-inflammatory antithrombotic and anti-hypersensitive properties. Several flavonoid-derived polyphenols like flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, flavonols and anthocyanidins and non-flavonoid polyphenols like tannins, curcumins and resveratrol have attracted scientific interest for their beneficial effects in preventing endothelial dysfunction. This article will focus on in vitro as well as in vivo and clinical studies evidences of the polyphenols with eNOS modulating activity against vascular disease condition while their molecular mechanism will also be discussed.

Chitosan based encapsulation increased the apoptotic efficacy of thymol on A549 cells and exhibited non toxic response in swiss albino mice.

Thymol is a plant-derived natural phenolic compound abundantly present in Thymus vulgaris species. In the present study, we developed a chitosan-based drug delivery system to deliver thymol to A549 cells. The physicochemical properties of thymol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (thymol-NP) were characterized using polyphasic techniques viz., FTIR, XRD, DLS, and SEM. Thymol-NP exhibited a size of 282.5 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 74.08 ± 0.73%. The IC50 of thymol-NP against A549 cells was 99.57 µg/ml at 24 h, which was lower than that of the pure form. Clear apoptotic features such as cellular morphology, cell shrinkage, and augmentation of dead cells were observed in both the thymol and thymol-NP treated A549 cells. The percentage of apoptotic cells in the thymol-NP IC50 treated cells was >90% which was considerably higher than the group treated with thymol alone. In vivo toxicity study showed that the swiss albino mice treated up to a concentration of 1000 mg/kg of thymol-NP neither showed signs of toxicity nor death up to 14 days. Also, no significant influence was observed on behavior, body weight, organ weight, and organ histology. Overall, the data concluded that thymol-NP can be considered a safe and potent drug candidate against A549 cells.

Mitigation of oxidative stress with dihydroactinidiolide, a natural product against scopolamine-induced amnesia in Swiss albino mice.

The present work describes the neuroprotective efficacy of DHAc under escalated oxidative stress condition in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice. During the toxicity test of DHAc in mice, the acute dose (LD50) is found to be 3.468 mg/kg bw and the sub-acute dose is 0.68 mg/kg bw. Improved cognitive and learning abilities are observed in Morris water maze and Y-maze test in 10 days DHAc (0.68 mg/kg bw) treated scopolamine-induced male Swiss albino mice. In the molecular level these changes are monitored as reduced oxidative load followed by significantly lower lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, acetylcholinesterase, caspase-3 activity and glutathione content followed by higher expression of anti apoptotic protein bcl-2 in mice brain as compared to scopolamine (1 mg/kg bw) treated mice. Meanwhile real time PCR shows higher expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptophysin in DHAc pretreated scopolamine treated mice brain. HPLC analysis suggested its possible blood brain barrier crossing ability. Overall DHAc reversed behavioral anomalies in the scopolamine treated mice via oxidative stress quenching, enhancing antioxidative enzyme activity, enhancing BDNF and synaptophysin mRNA levels and reducing expression of apoptotic protein Bax.

Dihydroactinidiolide regulates Nrf2/HO-1 expression and inhibits caspase-3/Bax pathway to protect SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells from oxidative stress induced neuronal apoptosis.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology has been studied for a long time and it is found to be multifaceted involving the accumulation of amyloid ß and tau protein. Oxidative stress is an early event in AD associated neurodegeneration provoking neuronal death through mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of caspase-3. Therefore we tested the efficacy of dihydroactinidiolide (DHAc), a monoterpene lactone against the oxidative load involved in AD like pathological conditions induced by sodium dithionite, glutamate, amyloid ß and colchicine in SH-SY5Y cells. Some of the indicators of neurotoxicity like acetylcholinesterase activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitrite content, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, nuclear and membrane damage were found to be significantly high in the toxicant treated cells when compared to the control cells while DHAc pretreatment significantly restored the toxicant induced neuronal damage signatures. Caspase-3 activity was found to be increased in the toxicant treated cells while DHAc significantly reduced it. Western blotting and RT-PCR revealed that DHAc significantly increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression and mRNA levels of Nrf2 and HO-1. Therefore DHAc was found to protect SH-SY5Y cells from neurotoxicant induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by regulating cellular antioxidant defenses and apoptosis related genes.

Thymol induces mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis via ROS generation, macromolecular damage and SOD diminution in A549 cells.

BACKGROUND: Thymol is a monoterpene phenol found in thyme species plants. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of thymol and its molecular mechanism on non-small lung cancer (A549) cells. METHODS: The cytotoxic effect of thymol on A549 cells was assessed via MTT assay. ROS production, macromolecular damage, apoptosis were determined using DCF-DA, PI, AO/EtBr stains, respectively. ROS-dependent effect of thymol was confirmed using NAC. The expression of caspase-9, Bcl-2, Bax and cell cycle profile was analyzed via western blot and FACS, respectively. RESULTS: The antiproliferative effect of thymol on A549 cells was found to be both dose and time dependent with IC50 values of 112 µg/ml (745 µM) at 24 h. Thymol treatment favored apoptotic cell death and caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. It mediated cellular and nuclear morphological changes, phosphatidylserine translocation, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Additionally, upregulation of Bax, downregulation of Bcl-2, and apoptotic fragmented DNA were also observed. Thymol induced ROS by reducing the SOD level which was confirmed via in vitro and in silico analysis. Furthermore, the levels of lipid peroxides and protein carbonyl content were elevated in thymol-treated groups. Notably, N-acetyl cysteine pretreatment reversed the efficacy of thymol on A549 cells. Moreover, thymol-treated human PBMC cells did not show any significant cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION: Overall, our results confirmed that thymol can act as a safe and potent therapeutic agent to treat NSCLC.

Dihydroactinidiolide, a natural product against Aß25-35 induced toxicity in Neuro2a cells: Synthesis, in silico and in vitro studies.

Synthesis of natural products has speeded up drug discovery process by minimizing the time for their purification from natural source. Several diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) demand exploring multi targeted drug candidates, and for the first time we report the multi AD target inhibitory potential of synthesized dihydroactinidiolide (DA). Though the activity of DA in several solvent extracts have been proved to possess free radical scavenging, anti bacterial and anti cancer activities, its neuroprotective efficacy has not been evidenced yet. Hence DA was successfully synthesized from ß-ionone using facile two-step oxidation method. It showed potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) 34.03 nM, which was further supported by molecular docking results showing strong H bonding with some of the active site residues such as GLY117, GLY119 and SER200 of AChE. Further it displayed DPPH and (.NO) scavenging activity with IC50 value 50 nM and metal chelating activity with IC50 >270 nM. Besides, it significantly prevented amyloid ß25-35 self-aggregation and promoted its disaggregation at 270 nM. It did not show cytotoxic effect towards Neuro2a (N2a) cells up to 24 h at 50 and 270 nM while it significantly increased viability of amyloid ß25-35 treated N2a cells through ROS generation at both the concentrations. Cytotoxicity profile of DA against human PBMC was quite impressive. Hemolysis studies also revealed very low hemolysis i.e. minimum 2.35 to maximum 5.61%. It also had suitable ADME properties which proved its druglikeness. The current findings demand for further in vitro and in vivo studies to develop DA as a multi target lead against AD.

Pathogenesis-related gene, JcPR-10a from Jatropha curcas exhibit RNase and antifungal activity.

The pathogenesis-related proteins have a broad spectrum of roles, ranging from seed germination, development to resistance. The PR-10 is a multigene family differing from other PR proteins in being intracellular, small and acidic with similar 3D structures. We have isolated JcPR-10a cDNA with an ORF of 483 bp from J. curcas, an important biofuel crop grown in the wastelands of India. JcPR-10a gets clustered with dicots in phylogenetic tree. The genomic organisation analysis of JcPR-10a revealed the presence of an intron at conserved 185 bp position. Transcript expression of JcPR-10a was upregulated in response to different stimuli such as NaCl, salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate and M. phaseolina. In response to SA and Macrophomina the transcript was found increased at 48 h, however, in case of NaCl and MeJa a strong induction was observed at 12 h which decreased at 48 h. We first time report the transcript up regulation of PR-10 gene by Macrophomina, a pathogen causing collar rot in Jatropha. The recombinant E. coli cells showed better growth in LB medium supplemented with NaCl, whereas growth of recombinant cells was inhibited in LB medium supplemented with KCl, mannitol, sorbitol, methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid. The JcPR-10a protein was overexpressed in E. coli cells, and was purified to homogeneity, the purified protein exhibited RNase and DNase activity. Furthermore, the protein also showed antifungal activity against Macrophomina, indicating that JcPR-10a can serve as an important candidate to engineer stress tolerance in Jatropha as well as other plants susceptible to collar rot by Macrophomina.