Exosome: From biology to drug delivery.

In recent years, different advancements have been observed in nanosized drug delivery systems. Factors such as stability, safety and targeting efficiency cause hindrances in the clinical translation of these synthetic nanocarriers. Therefore, researchers employed endogenous nanocarriers like exosomes as drug delivery vehicles that have an inherent ability to target more efficiently after appropriate functionalization and show higher biocompatibility and less immunogenicity and facilitate penetration through the biological barriers more quickly than the other available carriers. Exosomes are biologically derived lipid bilayer-enclosed nanosized extracellular vesicles (size ranges from 30 to 150 nm) secreted from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and appears significantly in the extracellular space. These EVs (extracellular vesicles) can exist in different sources, including mammals, plants and microorganisms. Different advanced techniques have been introduced for the isolation of exosomes to overcome the existing barriers present with conventional methods. Extensive research on the application of exosomes in therapeutic delivery for treating various diseases related to central nervous system, bone, cancer, skin, etc. has been employed. Several studies are on different stages of clinical trials, and many exosomes patents have been registered.

Driven dust-charge fluctuation and chaotic ion dynamics in the plasma sheath and presheath regions.

Possible existence of chaotic oscillations in ion dynamics in the sheath and presheath regions of a dusty plasma, induced by externally driven dust-charge fluctuation, is presented in this work. In a complex plasma, dust charge fluctuation occurs continuously with time due to the variation of electron and ion currents flowing into the dust particles. In most of the works related to dust-charge fluctuation, theoretically it is assumed that the average dust-charge fluctuation follows the plasma perturbation, while in reality, the dust-charge fluctuation is a semirandom phenomenon, fluctuating about some average value. The very cause of dust-charge fluctuation in a dusty plasma also points to the fact that these fluctuations can be driven externally by changing electron and ion currents to the dust particles. With the help of a hybrid-particle in cell-Monte Carlo collision (h-PIC-MCC) code in this work, we use the plasma sheath as a candidate for driving the dust-charge fluctuation by periodically exposing the sheath-side wall to UV radiation, causing photoemission of electrons, which in turn drive the dust-charge fluctuation. We show that this driven dust-charge fluctuation can induce a chaotic response in the ion dynamics in the sheath and the presheath regions.