Electrochemical Properties of Mo4VC4Tx MXene in Aqueous Electrolytes.

M5C4Tx MXenes represent the most recently discovered and least studied subfamily of out-of-plane ordered double transition metal carbides with 11 atomic layers, probably the thickest of all 2D materials. Molybdenum (Mo) and vanadium (V) in Mo4VC4Tx offer multiple oxidation states, making this MXene potentially attractive for electrochemical energy storage applications. Herein, we evaluated the electrochemical properties of Mo4VC4Tx free-standing thin films in acidic, basic, and neutral aqueous electrolytes and observed the highest gravimetric capacitance of 219 F g-1 at 2 mV s-1 in a 3 M H2SO4. Further, we investigated the intercalation states of four different cations (H+, Li+, Na+, and K+) in MXenes through ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation and used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to assess the charge storage mechanisms in different electrolytes. These studies show hydrated Li+, Na+, and K+ ions forming an electric double layer (EDL) at the MXene surface as the primary charge storage mechanism. This work shows the promise of Mo4VC4Tx MXene for energy storage in aqueous electrolytes.

Beak and feather disease virus detected in the endangered Red Goshawk (Erythrotriorchis radiatus).

We report the first detection and prevalence of Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in Australia's Red Goshawk (Erythrotriorchis radiatus). This is a new host for this pervasive pathogen amongst a growing list of non-psittacine species including birds of prey from the orders Accipitriformes (hawks, eagles, kites), Falconiformes (falcons and caracas), and Strigiformes (owls). The Red Goshawk is the first non-psittacine species listed as Endangered to be diagnosed with BFDV. We report an initial case of infection discovered post-mortem in a dead nestling and subsequent surveillance of birds from across northern Australia. We reveal BFDV prevalence rates in a wild raptor population for the first time, with detections in 25% (n = 7/28) of Red Goshawks sampled. Prevalence appears higher in juveniles compared to adults, although not statistically significant, but is consistent with studies of wild psittacines. BFDV genotypes were associated with the Loriinae (lorikeets, budgerigar, and fig parrots), Cacatuini (Cockatoos), and Polytelini (long-tailed parrots) tribes; species which are preyed upon by Red Goshawks. A positive BFDV status may be associated with lower body mass but small sample sizes precluded robust statistical analysis. We postulate the possible impacts of the virus on Red Goshawks and discuss future research priorities given these preliminary observations.

Anti-obesity potentiality of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum E2_MCCKT isolated from a fermented beverage, haria: a high fat diet-induced obese mice model study.

Obesity is a growing epidemic worldwide. Several pharmacologic drugs are being used to treat obesity but these medicines exhibit side effects. To find out the alternatives of these drugs, we aimed to assess the probiotic properties and anti-obesity potentiality of a lactic acid bacterium E2_MCCKT, isolated from a traditional fermented rice beverage, haria. Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing, the bacterium was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum E2_MCCKT. The bacterium exhibited in vitro probiotic activity in terms of high survivability in an acidic environment and 2% bile salt, moderate auto-aggregation, and hydrophobicity. Later, E2_MCCKT was applied to obese mice to prove its anti-obesity potentiality. Adult male mice (15.39 ± 0.19 g) were randomly divided into three groups (n = 5) according to the type of diet: normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with E2_MCCKT (HFT). After four weeks of bacterial treatment on the obese mice, a significant reduction of body weight, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, whereas, improvements in serum glucose levels were observed. The bacterial therapy led to mRNA up-regulation of lipolytic transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α which may increase the expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes such as acyl-CoA oxidase and carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1. Concomitantly, both adipocytogenesis and fatty acid synthesis were arrested as reflected by the down-regulation of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase genes. In protein expression study, E2_MCCKT significantly increased IL-10 expression while decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1Ra and TNF-α) expression. In conclusion, the probiotic Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT might have significant anti-obesity effects on mice.

Recombinantly expressed virus-like particles (VLPs) of canine circovirus for development of an indirect ELISA.

Canine circovirus (CanineCV) is an emerging pathogen in domestic dogs, detected in multiple countries in association with varying clinical and pathological presentations including diarrhoea, vasculitis, granulomatous inflammation, and respiratory signs. Understanding the pathology of CanineCV is confounded by the fact that it has been detected in asymptomatic dogs as well as in diseased dogs concurrently infected with known pathogens. Recombinantly expressed self-assembling Virus-like particles (VLPs) lack viral genomic material but imitate the capsid surface conformations of wild type virion, allowing arrays of biological applications including subunit vaccine development and immunodiagnostics. In this study, full length CanineCV capsid gene was expressed in Escherichia coli followed by two-step purification process to yield soluble capsid protein in high concentration. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the capsid antigen self-assembled into 17-20 nm VLPs in glutathione S-transferase (GST) buffer, later utilised to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). The respective sensitivity and specificity of the proposed iELISA were 94.10% and 88.40% compared with those obtained from Western blot. The mean OD450 value for western blot positive samples was 1.22 (range 0.12-3.39) and negative samples was 0.21 (range 0.07-0.41). An optimal OD450 cut-off of 0.35 was determined by ROC curve analysis. Median inter-assay and intra-assay validation revealed that the iELISA test results were reproducible with coefficients of variation 7.70 (range 5.6-11.9) and 4.21 (range 1.2-7.4). Our results demonstrated that VLP-based iELISA is a highly sensitive method for serological diagnosis of CanineCV infections in dogs, suitable for large-scale epidemiological studies.

Impaired brain equanimity and neurogenesis in the diet-induced overweight mouse: a preventive role by syringic acid treatment.

OBJECTIVES: In this study mice were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to establish diet-induced obesity and syringic acid (SA) was assessed for anti-obese, neuroprotective, and neurogenesis. METHOD: Animals were given HFD for 12 weeks to measure metabolic characteristics and then put through the Barns-maze and T-maze tests to measure memory. Additionally, the physiology of the blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress parameters, the expression of inflammatory genes, neurogenesis, and histopathology was evaluated in the brain. RESULT: DIO raised body weight, BMI, and other metabolic parameters after 12 weeks of overfeeding. A reduced spontaneous alternation in behavior (working memory, reference memory, and total time to complete a task), decreased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative biomarkers, increased neurogenesis, and impaired blood-brain barrier were all seen in DIO mice. SA (50 mg/kg) treatment of DIO mice (4 weeks after 8 weeks of HFD feeding) reduced diet-induced changes in lipid parameters associated with obesity, hepatological parameters, memory, blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurogenesis. SA also reduced the impact of malondialdehyde and enhanced the effects of antioxidants such as glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total thiol (MDA). Syringic acid improved neurogenesis, cognition, and the blood-brain barrier while reducing neurodegeneration in the hippocampal area. DISCUSSION: According to the results of the study, syringic acid therapy prevented neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, DIO, and memory loss. Syringic acid administration may be a useful treatment for obesity, memory loss, and neurogenesis, but more research and clinical testing is needed.

Understanding Ionic Diffusion Mechanisms in Li2S Coatings for Solid-State Batteries: Development of a Tailored Reactive Force Field for Multiscale Simulations.

In order to investigate Li2S as a potential protective coating for lithium anode batteries using superionic electrolytes, we need to describe reactions and transport for systems at scales of >10,000 atoms for time scales beyond nanoseconds, which is most impractical for quantum mechanics (QM) calculations. To overcome this issue, here, we first report the development of the reactive analytical force field (ReaxFF) based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations on model systems at the PBE0/TZVP and M062X/TZVP levels. Then, we carry out reactive molecular dynamics simulations (RMD) for up to 20 ns to investigate the diffusion mechanisms in bulk Li2S as a function of vacancy density, determining the activation barrier for diffusion and conductivity. We show that RMD predictions for diffusion and conductivity are comparable to experiments, while results on model systems are consistent with and validated by short (10-100 ps) ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD). This new ReaxFF for Li2S systems enables practical RMD on spatial scales of 10-100 nm (10,000 to 10 million atoms) for the time scales of 20 ns required to investigate predictively the interfaces between electrodes and electrolytes, electrodes and coatings, and coatings and electrolytes during the charging and discharging processes.

High prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from chickens, humans and the environment: An emerging one health issue.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal bacteria poses a serious public health burden worldwide. Commensals can disseminate the resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria causing life-threatening infections. This cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance pattern and molecular mechanism(s) of ciprofloxacin resistance in commensal E. coli from three major one health components (humans, animals and the environment) in Bangladesh. Samples were randomly collected from broiler chickens, broiler farm environments and hospitalized human patients from the same geographical area. Isolation and identification of E. coli were performed following standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed by disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Mutation at the quinolone-resistance determining region (QRDR) was analyzed by sequencing. Of 450 samples, a total of 287 (63.8%; 95% CI 59.2-68.1%) E. coli strains was isolated, where 240 (83.6%; 95% CI 78.9-87.5%) strains were phenotypically resistant to ciprofloxacin. The prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli in broiler chicken, broiler farm environments and hospitalized human patients are 77.6%, 88.8% and 89% respectively. In AST against nine antimicrobials, all the isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was ranged from 4 to >128mg/L. Point mutations were detected in several sites of QRDR, specifically at 83 and 87 amino acid positions in gyrA gene, and 56, 57, 78, 80 and 84 amino acid positions in parC gene. Mutations resulted in amino acid substitutions. Phylogenetic analysis of gyrA and parC gene sequences showed a close relationship between the strains isolated from different sources. This study demonstrates a high prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance in commensal E. coli in humans, animals and environment interface and their genealogically similarity poses an alarming public health consequence.

Early diagnostic biomarkers for acute kidney injury using cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat model.

Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) caused by acute kidney injury (AKI) results rapid and reversible loss in renal function. A real-time, highly accurate, and sensitive acute kidney injury biomarker is urgently required in order to keep these patients alive and prevent end stage renal disease and related complications that include hypertension, fluid and electrolyte retention, metabolic acidosis, anemia, stroke etc. This study was designed to develop a specific and sensitive model for the early identification of renal damage in male albino rats. Using a single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (10 mg/kg body weight) to the rats, the various duration-dependent nephrotoxic activities were compared using multiple physiological, biochemical, genomic, and histopathological markers. We looked into when renal dysfunction would start occurring after receiving a single high dose of cisplatin while blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) remained normal. Following a single cisplatin injection, various measurements were taken in plasma, urine, and/or kidney tissues of rats euthanized on days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. When the urine kidney injury molecule (KIM-1), interleukine 18 (IL-18), nephrin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and serum cystatin C (Cys C) levels are greatly raised on day 3 after cisplatin treatment, BUN and sCr levels remain normal. Nephrotoxicity of cisplatin is also indicated by the upregulated mRNA expression of KIM-1, IL-18, Cys C, and NGAL and downregulated expression of nephrin in kidney tissue at very initial stage. Protein expression of KIM-1, IL-18 and NGAL level of kidney tissues was upregulated indicated confirmatory results done by western blot. Utilising an array of kidney impairment indicators has emerged as an earlier, more effective, and more reliable technique to diagnose AKI when compared to the most sophisticated signs now available.

Australasian Pigeon Circoviruses Demonstrate Natural Spillover Infection.

Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is considered to be genetically diverse, with a relatively small circular single-stranded DNA genome of 2 kb that encodes for a capsid protein (Cap) and a replication initiator protein (Rep). Australasia is known to be the origin of diverse species of the Order Columbiformes, but limited data on the PiCV genome sequence has hindered phylogeographic studies in this species. To fill this gap, this study was conducted to investigate PiCV in 118 characteristic samples from different birds across Australia using PCR and sequencing. Eighteen partial PiCV Rep sequences and one complete PiCV genome sequence were recovered from reservoir and aberrant hosts. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that PiCV circulating in Australia was scattered across three different subclades. Importantly, one subclade dominated within the PiCV sequenced from Australia and Poland, whereas other PiCV sequenced in this study were more closely related to the PiCV sequenced from China, USA and Japan. In addition, PiCV Rep sequences obtained from clinically affected plumed whistling duck, blue billed duck and Australian magpie demonstrated natural spillover of PiCV unveiled host generalist characteristics of the pigeon circovirus. These findings indicate that PiCV genomes circulating in Australia lack host adapted population structure but demonstrate natural spillover infection.

Colistin Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Broiler Meat in Bangladesh.

The emergence of colistin resistance in Escherichia coli is a global public health concern. Contaminated food can accelerate the spread of colistin-resistant E. coli to humans. This study aimed to detect and characterize colistin-resistant E. coli from broiler meat in Bangladesh. We analyzed 136 pooled broiler meat samples from 240 carcasses collected from 40 live bird markets in urban and rural areas and 8 metropolitan supermarkets. The mean count of E. coli in broiler meat samples collected from rural retail shops, metropolitan supermarkets, and urban retail shops was 5.3 ± 1.1, 4.1 ± 1.4, and 3.9 ± 0.8 log10 colony-forming unit per gram, respectively. Colistin-resistant E. coli (minimum inhibitory concentration >2 mg/L) was found in 78% (95% confidence interval 70.2-84.1%) of the samples. All colistin-resistant isolates harbored the mcr-1 gene, while the rest of the mcr genes (mcr-2 to mcr-9) were not detected. Most colistin-resistant E. coli isolates (98%) showed coresistance to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim followed by ciprofloxacin (95%). Alarmingly, all of the colistin-resistant isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. Phylogenetic analysis showed close similarities of the mcr-1 gene sequences of this study with many strains of Enterobacterales isolated from humans, animals, and the environment. This study detected colistin-resistant E. coli contamination in broiler meat, which can pose a serious public health threat.

Thermomechanical Properties of Nontoxic Plasticizers for Polyvinyl Chloride Predicted from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Environmental and toxicity concerns dictate replacement of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) plasticizer used to impart flexibility and thermal stability to polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Potential alternatives to DEHP in PVC include diheptyl succinate (DHS), diethyl adipate (DEA), 1,4-butanediol dibenzoate (1,4-BDB), and dibutyl sebacate (DBS). To examine whether that these bio-based plasticizers can compete with DEHP, we need to compare their tensile, mechanical, and diffusional properties. This work focuses on predicting the effect these plasticizers have on Tg, Young's modulus, shear modulus, fractional free volume, and diffusion for PVC-plasticizer systems. Where data was available, the results from this study are in good agreement with the experiment; we conclude that DBS and DHS are most promising green plasticizers for PVC, since they have properties comparable to DEHP but not the environmental and toxicity concerns.

Lesions and viral loads in racing pigeons naturally coinfected with pigeon circovirus and columbid alphaherpesvirus 1 in Australia.

Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CoHV1) is associated with oral or upper respiratory tract lesions, encephalitis, and occasional fatal systemic disease in naive or immunosuppressed pigeons. Clinical disease is often reported with CoHV1 and coinfecting viruses, including pigeon circovirus (PiCV), which may cause host immunosuppression and augment lesion development. A natural outbreak of CoHV1 and PiCV coinfection occurred in a flock of 60 racing rock pigeons (Columba livia), in which 4 pigeons succumbed within 7 d of clinical onset. Lesions included suppurative stomatitis, pharyngitis, cloacitis, meningitis, and tympanitis, with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies consistent with herpesviral infection. In addition, large numbers of botryoid intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were present in the skin, oral mucosa, and bursa of Fabricius, suggestive of circoviral infection, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The concurrent viral load of CoHV1 and PiCV was high in liver, oropharynx, and bursa of Fabricius. We found PiCV in oro-cloacal swabs from 44 of 46 additional birds of variable clinical status, PiCV alone in 23 birds, and coinfection with CoHV1 in 21 birds. Viral copy numbers were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) for both viruses in clinically affected pigeons than in subclinical qPCR-positive birds. The CoHV1-induced lesions might have been exacerbated by concomitant PiCV infection.

Characterization of a Vibrio-infecting bacteriophage, VPMCC5, and proposal of its incorporation as a new genus in the Zobellviridae family.

Vibrio harveyi is a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium responsible for luminous vibriosis in shrimp and causes mass mortality of shrimp that leads to economic losses. Considering the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria, there is always a need for an alternative to antibiotics. In this study, we have aimed to characterize the Vibrio-infecting bacteriophage VPMCC5 (isolated from an environmental sample by using V. harveyi S2A) and evaluate its efficacy in controlling the pathogen. The bacteriophage exhibited an isometric head and short non-contractile tail. The latent period of the bacteriophage was 10 min and the burst size was 20. The genome of the bacteriophage was 48938 bp long with 40.7 mol% G+C content. A total of 71 ORFs were identified and no tRNA and antibiotic-associated genes were detected. Comparative genomic analyses (CLANS, dot plot, progressiveMauve alignment, and phylogenetic tree) strongly suggest that the bacteriophage VPMCC5 might be a new genus in the family of Zobellviridae. A distinguishing feature of this bacteriophage among the other reported Vibrio-infecting bacteriophages is the presence of putative alginate lyase family protein-coding open reading frame. The bacteriophage was found to be surviving at pH 3-9 and in a wide range of temperatures (4-45 ᵒC). In liquid culture inhibition, the bacteriophage could completely lyse the host bacteria after 3 h. This bacteriophage might be used as a biocontrol agent in the extreme environment of shrimp culture.

Measures, Gaps, and Mitigation Strategies in Bangladesh's COVID-19 Response.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread rapidly from China to most other countries around the world in early 2020 killing millions of people. To prevent virus spread, world governments implemented a variety of response measures. This paper's objectives were to discuss the country's adopted measures to combat the virus through June 2020, identify gaps in the measures' effectiveness, and offer possible mitigations to those gaps. The measures taken included screening device deployment across international air and land ports, flight suspensions and closures from COVID-19 affected countries, and declaration and extension of a national public holiday (equivalent to lockdowns in other countries). Identified gaps were test kit, PPE, ICU beds, and ventilator shortages, limited public awareness, and insufficient coordination and collaboration among national and international partners. Proper and timely risk mapping, preparedness, communication, coordination, and collaboration among governments and organizations, and public awareness and engagement would have provided sufficient COVID-19 mitigation in Bangladesh.

Development and applications of a TaqMan based quantitative real-time PCR for the rapid detection of Pigeon circovirus (PiCV).

TaqMan probe based quantitative polymerase reaction (TaqMan qPCR) is a robust and reliable technique for detecting and quantifying target DNA copies. Quantitative molecular diagnosis of genetically diverse single stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus such as Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) can be challenging owing to difficulties in primer binding or low abundance of template DNA copies in clinical specimens. Several methods have been described for the detection of PiCV, being qPCR the most simple and reliable. As far as is known, two qPCR systems described until now are based on SYBR green. This study reports development and validation of a highly sensitive TaqMan qPCR targeted to Rep for the detection of highly diverse PiCV in pigeon samples with excellent reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity. The limit of detection was determined as low as 2 (two) plasmid copies. Estimations of 100 % specificity and 100 % sensitivity were obtained based on the qPCR results with panel of 60 samples (known PiCV positive, n = 30; known PiCV negative, n = 20; samples positive to Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), n = 5 and samples positive to canine circovirus, n = 5). Co-efficient of variation (CV) for Ct values ranged between 0.27 % and 0.78 % in the same assay and 1.84-2.87 % in different assays.

Molecular detection and risk factors associated with multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni from broiler cloacal and meat samples in Bangladesh.

The gastrointestinal tract of poultry is a potential source of Campylobacter jejuni. Here, the prevalence, risk factors, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and genetic relationship of C. jejuni were studied in broilers from farms and meat from live bird markets (LBMs) and super shops (SS). Pooled cloacal samples were obtained from farms in six districts of Bangladesh between June 2019 and March 2020. Pooled meat samples were obtained from LBMs and SS in the Chattogram district. Microbial culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), antimicrobial susceptibility tests were used to detect multidrug-resistant C. jejuni. A positive PCR amplicon was validated by mapA partial gene sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. In total, 12.5% (95% CI: 8.5-17.7%) of farms (N = 216) and 27.1% (95% CI: 15.28-41.85%) of LBMs and SS (N = 48) tested positive for C. jejuni. Moreover, 98% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with 86% resistant to five or more antimicrobial groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed a downtime of <14 days, no separate footwear for shed access, and more than one person entering the sheds were significantly associated with C. jejuni colonization. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a strong relationship between C. jejuni strains obtained in Bangladesh and strains isolated in India, South Africa and Grenada from humans, pigs and bats. This study revealed significant contamination of broiler meat with Campylobacter spp. and C. jejuni. Potential sources of contamination and anthropogenic factors associated with the alarming prevalence of C. jejuni identified in this study would aid in reducing the growing risks of broiler-associated pathogens.

In-silico based identification of phytochemicals from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. as potential inhibitors for overexpressed HER2 and VEGFR2 cancer genes.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER2) and Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor2 (VEGFR2) - a tyrosine kinase receptors play a key role in breast and stomach cancers. The overexpression of HER2 and VEGFR2 genes increases the number of HER2 and VEGFR2 in the cell which initiates breast and stomach cancer respectively. The phytochemicals from traditional medicinal herb Houttuynia cordata Thunb. are reported to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential. However, isolation of phytochemicals from this herb is fraught with uncertainly and time-consuming. Here, a molecular docking approach provides probable binding affinities between the receptors and phytochemicals (ligands) which initiate the first step of anticancer drug discovery and development. In the present study, In-silico docking approaches were used to identify the top-hit phytochemicals from H. cordata as potential inhibitors for overexpressed HER2 (breast) and VEGFR2 (stomach) cancer genes. A total of 100 biologically active phytochemicals from H. cordata were screened and docked against the ligand-binding pocket of HER2 and VEGFR2 kinase domains. Docking results revealed only a few phytochemicals (molecules) which appropriately fit into the ligand-binding pocket with higher binding affinity than the natural ATP ligand. A competitive docking was used to ascertain the top-hit phytochemicals that bind perfectly to the ATP ligand-binding pocket. Among the top-hit phytochemicals docked from H. cordata, the ß-sitosterol and Quercetin showed highest binding affinity towards HER2 and VEGFR2 receptors using both hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions. This study confirmed ß-sitosterol and Quercetin as potential drug candidates against breast and stomach cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Prevalence of coagulase-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) have a significant health impact on people with direct or supportive occupations in veterinary medicine including veterinarians, animal handlers, laboratory personnel and pet owners. OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, MRSA and MRSP in dogs in Bangladesh. METHODS: A total of 358 swab samples were collected from different body sites of 150 dogs attending a university teaching veterinary hospital between January and June 2018. Standard bacteriological procedures were followed to isolate Staphylococcus, and identification was confirmed to the species level by PCR to detect the nuc gene. MRSA and MRSP were confirmed by the presence of the mecA gene. RESULTS: The prevalence of coagulase-positive S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius in dogs were 16% and 45.3%, respectively. S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius isolates displayed the highest resistance against nalidixic acid (95.2% and 91%, respectively) and erythromycin (89.3% and 84.7%, respectively). Notably, all the staphylococcal isolates showed resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes. The prevalence of MRSA and MRSP in dogs was 8.7% and 6%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the following variables as risk factors for MRSA colonisation in dogs: dogs with dermatitis (odds ratio [OR], 12.24, 95% CI: 3.12-57.33; p < 0.001) and history of antibiotic use (OR 8.73, 95% CI: 2.23-43.10; p < 0.001). Presence of otitis (OR 14.22; 95% CI: 1.64-103.58; p = 0.008) and oral lesions (OR 9.48, 95% CI: 1.14-64.82; p = 0.002) were identified as the significant risk factors for the carriage of MRSP. CONCLUSIONS: The circulation of multidrug-resistant S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius is a serious concern to dogs and humans. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. pseudintermedius and MRSP affecting dogs in Bangladesh.

Antimicrobial resistance profiling and burden of resistance genes in zoonotic Salmonella isolated from broiler chicken.

BACKGROUND: Salmonella is frequently found in poultry of which only motile serovars have zoonotic significance due to their potential to induce human gastrointestinal infections. Antimicrobial resistance, being a public health concern, the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella serotypes affecting food chain has greater impact worldwide. AIM: Information on circulation of zoonotic Salmonella strains in commercial poultry farm level is limited in many parts of the world. This cross-sectional study was aimed to investigate the zoonotic Salmonella strains circulating in the broiler farm environment with their detailed antimicrobial resistance profiling. METHODS: Pooled faecal samples were collected randomly from commercial broiler farms of Chattogram district, Bangladesh. Standard bacteriological procedure was followed to isolate Salmonella, and identification was confirmed by genus specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After phenotypic characterisation of resistance profile against eight antimicrobials by disc diffusion technique, all strains were screened by PCR for some selected resistance genes. RESULTS: Out of the 350 samples, Salmonella was isolated and identified from 86 samples. In antimicrobial sensitivity testing, more than 98.8% isolates showed resistance to ampicillin and 94.2% to tetracycline followed by enrofloxacin (56%) and ciprofloxacin (50%). Notably, 94% isolates were found to be MDR. The results of PCR assays revealed that 81.4% of the isolates were carrying the tetA gene, 19.8% the tetB and 10.47% the tetC gene. The prevalence of the isolates bearing the blaTEM , blaCTX-M and Sul-I gene were 95.4%, 7.0 % and 37.2 %, respectively. CONCLUSION: There is a great risk to secure healthy poultry products due to the circulation of these MDR zoonotic Salmonella.

Molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses in clinically affected chickens on farms in Bangladesh.

Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 co-circulate in poultry in Bangladesh, causing significant bird morbidity and mortality. Despite their importance to the poultry value chain, the role of farms in spreading and maintaining AIV infections remains poorly understood in most disease-endemic settings. To address this crucial gap, we conducted a cross-sectional study between 2017 and 2019 in the Chattogram Division of Bangladesh in clinically affected and dead chickens in farms with suspected AIV infection. Viral prevalence of each subtype was approximately 10% among farms for which veterinary advice was sought, indicating high levels of virus circulation in chicken farms despite the low number of reported outbreaks. Co-circulation of both subtypes was common in farms, with our findings suggest that in the field, the co-circulation of H5N1 and H9N2 can modulate disease severity, which could facilitate an underestimated level of AIV transmission in the poultry value chain. Finally, using newly generated whole-genome sequences, we investigate the evolutionary history of a small subset of H5N1 and H9N2 viruses. Our analyses revealed that for both subtypes, the sampled viruses were genetically most closely related to other viruses isolated in Bangladesh and represented multiple independent incursions. However, due to lack of longitudinal surveillance in this region, it is difficult to ascertain whether these viruses emerged from endemic strains circulating in Bangladesh or from neighbouring countries. We also show that amino acids at putative antigenic residues underwent a distinct replacement during 2012 which coincides with the use of H5N1 vaccines.