Single-Photon Level Dispersive Fourier Transform: Ultrasensitive Characterization of Noise-Driven Nonlinear Dynamics.

Dispersive Fourier transform is a characterization technique that allows directly extracting an optical spectrum from a time domain signal, thus providing access to real-time characterization of the signal spectrum. However, these techniques suffer from sensitivity and dynamic range limitations, hampering their use for special applications in, e.g., high-contrast characterizations and sensing. Here, we report on a novel approach to dispersive Fourier transform-based characterization using single-photon detectors. In particular, we experimentally develop this approach by leveraging mutual information analysis for signal processing and hold a performance comparison with standard dispersive Fourier transform detection and statistical tools. We apply the comparison to the analysis of noise-driven nonlinear dynamics arising from well-known modulation instability processes. We demonstrate that with this dispersive Fourier transform approach, mutual information metrics allow for successfully gaining insight into the fluctuations associated with modulation instability-induced spectral broadening, providing qualitatively similar signatures compared to ultrafast photodetector-based dispersive Fourier transform but with improved signal quality and spectral resolution (down to 53 pm). The technique presents an intrinsically unlimited dynamic range and is extremely sensitive, with a sensitivity reaching below the femtowatt (typically 4 orders of magnitude better than ultrafast dispersive Fourier transform detection). We show that this method can not only be implemented to gain insight into noise-driven (spontaneous) frequency conversion processes but also be leveraged to characterize incoherent dynamics seeded by weak coherent optical fields.

Noise analysis in a seeded four-wave mixing process generated in a photonic crystal fiber pumped by a chirped pulse.

Four-wave mixing is investigated when chirped pump and signal pulses are injected in a photonic crystal fiber. The shot-to-shot stability of the amplified coherent signal was measured by using the dispersive Fourier transform method and compared with numerical simulations. We highlight that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the pulsed signal increases with the injected power and show that it is not deteriorated through the amplification when the fiber optical parametric amplifier is strongly saturated. The SNR of the signal remains nearly constant after the amplifier.

Few-cycle all-fiber supercontinuum laser for ultrabroadband multimodal nonlinear microscopy.

Temporally coherent supercontinuum sources constitute an attractive alternative to bulk crystal-based sources of few-cycle light pulses. We present a monolithic fiber-optic configuration for generating transform-limited temporally coherent supercontinuum pulses with central wavelength at 1.06 µm and duration as short as 13.0 fs (3.7 optical cycles). The supercontinuum is generated by the action of self-phase modulation and optical wave breaking when pumping an all-normal dispersion photonic crystal fiber with pulses of hundreds of fs duration produced by all-fiber chirped pulsed amplification. Avoidance of free-space propagation between stages confers unequalled robustness, efficiency and cost-effectiveness to this novel configuration. Collectively, the features of all-fiber few-cycle pulsed sources make them powerful tools for applications benefitting from the ultrabroadband spectra and ultrashort pulse durations. Here we exploit these features and the deep penetration of light in biological tissues at the spectral region of 1 µm, to demonstrate their successful performance in ultrabroadband multispectral and multimodal nonlinear microscopy.

Design and fabrication of dispersion controlled highly nonlinear fibers for far-detuned four-wave mixing frequency conversion.

We report on the conception, fabrication and characterization of a new concept of optical fiber enabling a precise control of the ratio between the 2nd and 4th-order of chromatic dispersion (respectively ß2 and ß4) at 1.55 µm which is at the heart of the Four-Wave-Mixing (FWM) generation. For conventional highly nonlinear fiber the sensitivity of this ratio to fiber geometry fluctuations is very critical, making the fabrication process challenging. The new design fiber reconciles the accurate control of chromatic dispersion properties and fabrication by standard stack and draw method, allowing a robust and reliable method against detrimental fluctuations parameters during the fabrication process. Experimental frequency conversion with FWM in the new design fiber is demonstrated.

Pre-compensation of thermally induced refractive index changes in a depressed core fully aperiodic large-pitch fiber for high average power operation.

To prevent the thermally induced spatial beam degradation occurring in high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers, index-depressed core "fully aperiodic large-pitch fibers" (FA-LPFs) have been designed and fabricated. In contrast to previous experimental works performed on FA-LPFs, in which the active core and the surrounding cladding material are quasi-index-matched, the core refractive index is in slight depression compared to the surrounding material (Δn≈-3×10-5). Thus, the index-depressed fiber core tends first to behave as an anti-guide, preventing light from being properly guided into it. However, by increasing the absorbed pump power, the thermal load induces a parabolic refractive index change sufficient to compensate for the -3×10-5 index depression in the core, enabling a robust single-mode amplification at high average power. As a proof of concept, using a 110 µm depressed core FA-LPF, M2 values of 1.3 were demonstrated in amplifier configuration from 60 W to a maximal value of 170 W of emitted average power only limited by the available pump power.

Spectral correlation of four-wave mixing generated in a photonic crystal fiber pumped by a chirped pulse.

We report the spectral distribution of the parametric process generated in a photonic crystal fiber pumped by a chirped pulse. The spectral correlation of four-wave mixing has been measured using the dispersive Fourier transform method. From statistical analysis of multiple shot-to-shot spectral measurements, the spectral correlation between the signal and idler photons reveals physical insights into the particular portion of the pump spectrum responsible for generating the four-wave mixing. Therefore, the shape of the correlation map indicates directly the temporal and spectral links between the signal and the pump, which are highly important to design a four-wave mixing based amplifier.

Widely tunable Q-switched dual-wavelength synchronous-pulsed Tm-doped fiber laser emitting in the 2 µm region.

We demonstrate a widely tunable Q-switched dual-wavelength fiber laser emitting synchronized pulses in the 2 µm spectral range. Owing to the use of a Tm-doped rod-type fully aperiodic large pitch fiber, together with an acousto-optic modulator and two volume Bragg gratings (VBGs), the wavelength separation was shown to be continuously tunable from 1 to 120 nm (∼0.1-10 THz). A peak power higher than 8 kW was demonstrated over the whole tuning range for a repetition rate (RR) of 1 KHz and a 26 ns pulse duration. The RR was modulated from 1 to 30 kHz, and the laser pulse duration measured between 23 ns and 130 ns, depending on the RR and the wavelength separation.

Polarization-maintaining Yb-doped large-mode-area fully aperiodic large-pitch fibers.

Based on a special large-pitch architecture that has already proved its single-mode single-polarization behavior in a passive configuration, two ytterbium-doped versions of such large-mode-area fibers have been fabricated and tested in both laser and amplification configurations for high-power laser source applications. Due to the high sensitivity of large-pitch fiber design to the active-core-to-passive-cladding index mismatch, the realization of a single-polarization structure is highly challenging. However, we report on the preservation of a polarization-maintaining feature. A linear polarization with an extinction ratio of 17 dB is demonstrated for mode field diameters reaching up to 58 µm as long as the single-modeness of the emitted signal is preserved.

High-power widely tunable ps source in the visible light based on four wave mixing in optimized photonic crystal fibers.

We present a detailed study on the generation of widely tunable visible light through four wave mixing in specifically designed micro-structured fibers. The fiber's properties are optimized for an efficient conversion to the visible and near infrared with a combined tunability from 620 to 910 nm of a picosecond Yb-doped tunable source for biomedical applications.

Experimental study of the mode instability onset threshold in high-power FA-LPF lasers.

We report here on an experimental investigation of the temporal behavior of transverse mode instabilities into "fully aperiodic large-pitch fibers" (FA-LPFs) operated in high-power continuous-wave laser configuration. To ensure an effective transverse single-mode emission into FA-LPFs, a perfect index matching between the active core and the background cladding materials (Δn=0) is required. The original design of such fibers enables an effective transverse single-mode emission by strengthening the higher-order mode delocalization out of the gain region, even for high heat load levels, consequently leading to the improvement of the beam spatial quality. The study was conducted over fibers of various gain region diameters, from 58 to 100 µm, for a refractive index mismatch Δn of about +8×10-5. The emitted beam is characterized using both M2 measurements and time traces to study the changeover of a stable temporal behavior to an unstable one.

140 µm single-polarization passive fully aperiodic large-pitch fibers operating near 2 µm.

In this paper, we demonstrate a single-polarization feature out of passive very-large-mode-area fully aperiodic large-pitch fibers. It has been previously shown theoretically that one of the two polarizations of the fundamental mode is selectively coupled to a cladding mode. This coupling does not require fiber bending, which permits us to avoid any decrease in mode effective area. The coupling is achieved owing to boron-doped silica inclusions implemented into the microstructured cladding and acting as stress-applying parts. This mechanism has been assessed experimentally in this work using fibers of two different core diameters: 60 µm and 140 µm, providing mode field areas of 3637 µm2 and 14,590 µm2, respectively, at 1942 nm. The tested fibers have a length of 45 cm and an outer diameter exceeding 1 mm, yielding rod-type fibers. Each sample has been characterized using an unpolarized laser source emitting at 1942 nm. This laser, based on a thulium-doped large-mode-area step-index fiber, has a spectral bandwidth of about 0.5 nm. After passing through a piece of the passive fiber, a polarization extinction ratio higher than 16 dB has been achieved.

Broadband single-mode single-polarization passive fully aperiodic large-pitch fibers.

Two evolutions of fully aperiodic large-pitch fiber designs employing few stress-applying parts are presented. The induced elasto-optic stress discriminates the two orthogonal polarization modes (LP01x and LP01y) of the fundamental mode, selectively delocalizing one of them into the cladding via a suitable coupling to one or several cladding modes. This ensures the propagation of a single linear polarization mode. For the largest core dimensions, however, the applied stress can strongly influence the intensity distributions of core modes, and a tailored design process must thwart this. The polarization properties are investigated experimentally with core scalability over a large spectral bandwidth into passive structures, leading to the evidencing of a single-mode single polarization over a large span from 1 to 1.6 µm with a core dimension of 80 µm and, notably, at 1400 nm for a core dimension of 140 µm. The polarization extinction ratio is also determined.

Precompensation of the thermal-induced refractive index changes into a fully aperiodic LPF for heat load resilience.

In this paper, a strategy consisting of precompensating the thermal-induced transverse refractive index changes is undertaken to push further the appearance threshold of a multimode regime. First, a standard air-silica large pitch fiber (LPF) and a fully aperiodic large pitch fiber are confronted in regard to their heat load resilience and capabilities for single-mode emission. Thereafter, slight refractive index depressions are judiciously introduced into the active core area. This approach enhances the delocalization of the high-order modes even under severe heat load levels. This combination of aperiodic cladding microstructuration and index-precompensation theoretically increases the multimode regime threshold while preserving large mode field areas. This investigation is performed at 1.03 and 2 µm operating wavelengths.

Demonstration of a homogeneous Yb-doped core fully aperiodic large-pitch fiber laser.

The first demonstration of a 40 µm core homogeneously ytterbium-doped fully aperiodic large-pitch fiber laser, to the best of our knowledge, is reported here. In this concept, the amplification of unwanted high-order modes is prevented by means of an aperiodic inner-cladding structure, while the core and inner-cladding material has a higher refractive index than pure silica. In a laser configuration, up to 252 W of extracted power, together with an optical-to-optical efficiency of 63% with respect to the incident pump power, have been achieved. While an average M2 of 1.4 was measured, the emitted power becomes temporally unstable when exceeding 95 W, owing to the occurrence of modal instabilities.

50.4% slope efficiency thulium-doped large-mode-area fiber laser fabricated by powder technology.

We report on a triple clad large-mode-area Tm-doped fiber laser with 18 µm core diameter manufactured for the first time by an alternative manufacturing process named REPUSIL. This reactive powder sinter material enables similar properties compared to conventional CVD-made fiber lasers, while offering the potential of producing larger and more uniform material. The fiber characterization in a laser configuration provides a slope efficiency of 47.7% at 20°C, and 50.4% at 0°C with 8 W output power, with a laser peak emission at 1970 nm. Finally, a beam quality near the diffraction-limit (M(x,y)2<1.1) is proved.

Highly efficient higher-order modes filtering into aperiodic very large mode area fibers for single-mode propagation.

We report here on the first experimental demonstration, to the best of our knowledge, of a new generation of very large mode area (VLMA) fibers intended to strengthen single-mode propagation. The originality of this work relies on an aperiodicity of the inner cladding microstructuration exacerbating the spatial rejection of higher-order-modes (HOMs) while preserving a significant confinement of the fundamental mode. The single-mode behavior was demonstrated using an optical low-coherence interferometry measurement based on the group-velocity dispersion. As suggested through a preliminary numerical approach, this outstanding characteristic/behavior is evidenced over a large spectral range spanning from 1 to 2 µm for a core diameter of 60 µm. Core scalability was also investigated.

Inner cladding microstructuration based on symmetry reduction for improvement of singlemode robustness in VLMA fiber.

Very large mode area, active optical fibers with a low high order mode content in the actively doped core region were designed by removing the inner cladding symmetry. The relevance of the numerical approach is demonstrated here by the investigation of a standard air-silica Large Pitch Fiber, used as a reference. A detailed study of all-solid structures is also performed. Finally, we propose new kinds of geometry for 50 µm core, all-solid microstructured fibers enabling a robust singlemode laser emission from 400 nm to 2200 nm.