Adolescents' and young women's use of a microbicide surrogate product when receiving oral sex.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Genital herpes, which can be spread through oral sex, is an important target for microbicides. We examined episode-specific predictors of young women's receptive oral sex and of microbicide surrogate use. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. SETTING: Participants were recruited to participate in a microbicide acceptability study from adolescent clinics and local colleges and through snowballing. PARTICIPANTS: Young women (ages 14 to 21 y) who reported sexual contact on at least 1 weekly phone interview (n = 181) were included from the larger sample of 208 young women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: On weekly diary phone interviews, participants reported whether or not their last sexual contact included receptive oral sex and whether or not their last sexual contact included use of a microbicide surrogate. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Participants reported a total of 1042 episodes of sexual contact of which 311 included receptive oral sex and 354 included microbicide surrogate use. Being older, having sex for the first time with a partner, and having given oral sex were associated with having received oral sex during a sexual episode. Being older, being African American, and having discussed the microbicide surrogate with their partner were associated with having used the microbicide surrogate use during a sexual episode. These results indicate that oral sex should be considered in the design of clinical trials. Future studies need to evaluate ways to promote consistent microbicide use in the context of receiving oral sex as well as those factors (eg, taste, pleasure) which may serve as a barrier.

Acyclovir sensitivity of sequential herpes simplex virus type 2 isolates from the genital mucosa of immunocompetent women.

BACKGROUND: Despite widespread use of acyclovir, infection with acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) remains uncommon. To understand the frequency and clinical significance of acyclovir-resistant isolates, we evaluated the in vitro acyclovir sensitivities of sequential isolates from 34 immunocompetent women. METHODS: HSV-2-seropositive women collected daily samples of genital secretions while receiving acyclovir or placebo, each for 10 weeks. In vitro acyclovir sensitivity testing was performed using the dye uptake assay; isolates for which the concentration of acyclovir that inhibited cytopathic effect by 50% (EC50) was > or = 3 microg/mL were defined as resistant. RESULTS: A total of 351 isolates from 26 women were tested (median, 10 isolates/woman [range, 3-45 isolates/woman]). The median EC50 was 0.91 microg/mL. Overall, 7 isolates (1.7%) from 6 women had EC50 values > or = 3 microg/mL. None of the women was receiving acyclovir when the acyclovir-resistant isolates were detected. Acyclovir-sensitive and acyclovir-resistant isolates were detected in samples collected on the same day from separate anatomic sites in 3 women. The acyclovir-resistant isolates were transient, because acyclovir-sensitive isolates were obtained before and after the acyclovir-resistant isolates from 5 women were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Among immunocompetent women, the finding of acyclovir-resistant HSV-2 isolates likely represents transient mucosal variants and does not predict treatment failure.

Potential benefits of a serodiagnostic test for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to prevent neonatal HSV-1 infection.

BACKGROUND: Changes in sexual practices have led to an increase in the incidence of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections. Such infections affect an estimated 400 newborns each year, with serious consequences. GOAL: To evaluate the use of a serodiagnostic test for HSV-1 to be used by pregnant women, and possibly their sexual partners, in preventing neonatal HSV-1 infections by identifying seronegative (at-risk) women. STUDY DESIGN: The number of cases of neonatal HSV-1 prevented by a test of a given sensitivity and specificity is estimated using two simple models parameterized with data from published sources. RESULTS: Used by women only, a 90%-specific test for HSV-1 could avert 71%-90% of the expected cases of infection among women using the test, requiring about 14,000 tests per case averted. This result depends linearly on the specificity of the test and does not depend on the sensitivity. Use by women and their partners results in more tests for the same benefit (about 24,000 tests per case averted if the test is 90% sensitive and 90% specific), because the only additional information provided by testing the partner of an at-risk woman is to determine that her partner may not be HSV-1 positive. CONCLUSIONS: The key feature of such a diagnostic test is its specificity; its use to identify at-risk women could provide public health benefits if the specificity exceeds 70%, but these benefits would increase dramatically for higher specificities. Use of such a test for couples is likely to be more costly and less effective than testing women only.