[Efficiency of benzydamine use in treatment of URTI (including COVID-19) in child patients]. / Klinicheskie rezul'taty kuratsii patsientov detskogo vozrasta s porazheniem respiratornogo trakta pri ostrykh respiratornykh virusnykh infektsiyakh (vklyuchaya COVID-19).

THE AIM: Share with healthcare practitioners personal experience of using benzydamine spray (Oralsept) in pediatric practice; present a clinical case, which, according to the author, can help doctors optimize approaches to the treatment of patients with acute respiratory viral infections (including COVID-19), thereby improving the quality of life of pediatric patients.

[THE STATE OF THE ORAL CAVITY LOCAL IMMUNITY DURING THE TREATMENT WITH METAL BRACKET-SYSTEM].

Objective - to study the effect of braces on the dentoalveolar system and the occurrence of changes in the body as a whole. The study involved 25 patients, 15 women and 10 men aged 20 to 45 years, with an anomaly of occlusion of the dentition in the transversal and sagittal plane, crowded position of the teeth of the upper and lower dentition. All patients were treated orthodontically on the MBT prescription bracket system made of high-quality steel grade 17-4. In patients, the bracket system was fixed to the light (double) curing adhesive ENLIGHT by ORMCO. All patients signed an informed consent form. Orthodontic braces are used to treat dental anomalies. Increased microbial contamination (poor hygiene) due to the appearance of additional retention points for plaque, trauma to the oral mucosa with parts of orthodontic devices, invagination and infringement of the gingival papilla by moving teeth are the main factors in the development of gingivitis, periodontitis and cheilitis during treatment with a bracket system. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the proteins of non-specific immunity sIgA and lysozyme were studied in the mixed saliva of patients with a fixed metal bracket system. It was found that in 40% of patients after 3 months. after treatment, local immunodeficiency develops, which requires antibacterial therapy and professional oral hygiene in these terms. In conclusion, it is noted that braces have both positive and negative effects on the dental system and the body as a whole, so when planning orthodontic treatment, patients with initially reduced local immunity of the oral cavity should be included in the risk group.

[The modern methods of evaluation of implementing personalized programs of prevention of age-associated diseases].

The development of preventive programs targeting specific groups of consumers of medical social services having age-related health and lifestyle characteristics is one of the most prospective methods to improve quality of medical care of the elderly and senile patients. The previously developed by Russian and foreign scientists programs of personalized prevention of age-related diseases make it possible to organize target groups of patients seeking medical services in both state and private health care organizations to be screened for conditions of medical and social significance from the point of view of preventive medicine. This permits to achieve a real integration of various components of preventive care that improves health of elderly and senile patients in terms of morphofunctional indices of patient's physical status, quality of life, degree of independence, and, as a result, quality and scope of implementation of preventive programs for elderly population. Therefore, the development of the basics of personalized programs preventing age-related diseases in elderly population is actual.

Visualization of volumetric defects and dynamic processes in crystals by digital IR-holography.

The observation and study of defects of single-crystal multicomponent optical material is necessary to determine the qualitative characteristics and optical properties of a material and to diagnose its manufacturing procedures. This paper utilizes the digital IR-holography to measure the geometrical parameters, shape, and location of defects as well as to characterize them. The paper illustrates the examples of physical, chemical, and optical inhomogeneities. Also, the paper presents the results of the study of dynamic processes in optical elements under the influence of laser radiation with high power density. The possibility of using the digital holographic technology to determine the dynamics of optical breakdown in the ZnGeP2 single crystal is illustrated, namely, to estimate the speed and time of breakdown development, which can be used to interpret the mechanisms of breakdown development.

[Modern aspects of pathogenetic treatment of sensorineural hearing loss]. / Sovremennye aspekty patogeneticheskogo lecheniya sensonevral'noi tugoukhosti.

OBJECTIVE: Optimization of the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss (SHL) using a calcium channel blocker - nimodipine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study consists of experimental and clinical sections. The experiment involved 42 white outbred rats, which were used for modeling SHL according to the original method and treatment with nimodipine followed by histological control. The clinical study involved 115 patients with chronic SHL. Calcium metabolism was evaluated by quantifying the mineral density of bone tissue during osteodensitometry of the radial bones of patients. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Histological studies after rats were removed from the experiment showed that modeling SHL by noise exposure against the background of immobilization of experimental animals is effective and is accompanied by early signs of apoptosis of the external hair and auxiliary cells, degenerative changes in spiral ganglion neurocytes. The role of calcium metabolism disorders in the initiation of the described disorders is shown. The use of nimodipine in experimental animals reduces the severity of histological changes. When examining patients with SHL, signs of impaired calcium metabolism in bone tissue were detected in 60% of the examined patients. CONCLUSION: The obtained data determine the special role of disorders in the ratios of micro-elements in the body, especially calcium, in the development of SHL, and dictate the need for their correction using calcium channel blockers. The clinical use of nimodipine is possible both for prevention and for the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss.

[The effect of cellex on regenerative processes in cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage under experimental condition]. / Izuchenie vliianiia preparata tselleks na regeneratornye protsessy v tkani golovnogo mozga pri modelirovanii parenkhimatoznogo krovoizliianiia u zhivotnykh.

AIM: To study an effect of the protein-peptide preparation cellex on the cerebral tissue processes in case of parenchymal hemorrhage breed under experimental conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research involved the morphological examination of fragments of cerebral tissues of 57 rabbits of Chinchilla breed in artificially-provoked hemorrhagic stroke. Animals were divided into 2 groups: the first group received cellex once a day during 10 days, the second group received physiological solution in the same doses. The cerebral tissue was examined macroscopically and with histological, immunocytochemical and morphometric methods with subsequent data analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A much more pronounced regression of the neurological deficit was observed in the group of animals which were administered cellex. There was a significant increase in volume of active movements in the limbs. No connective tissue changes were observed macroscopically in rabbits of the first group. Besides, the area of destruction decreased in size in comparison with initially diagnosed one. A decline in the rate of the formation of connective tissue was observed in damaged parts of the brain. The microscopic study of the first group showed that the degree of inflammatory and hemodynamic disturbances was much lower and necrosis foci were not detected, however small foci of neoangiogenesis were found.

Factors affecting the results of analgesic therapy. Results of the Russian multicentre study of NOTE (NSAID: Open-label Trial of Efficacy).

AIM: To identify factors affecting the effectiveness of NSAIDs in patients with OA and LBP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a 2-week course of NSAIDs in OA and LBP in real clinical practice. The study group consisted of 3604 patients with OA and LBP (60.6% women and 39.4% men, mean age 55.0±13.4 years). According to the study design, aceclofenac (Airtal) and other NSAIDs used in the ratio 1:1. The main criterion of effectiveness was the frequency of complete pain relief after 2 weeks of therapy. In addition, the decrease of pain and general health were determined on a 10-point numerical rating scale (NRS). We compared the frequency of complete pain relief in patients who had and did not have the studied factors. The value of the studied factors was determined using OR (95% CI). RESULTS: Most patients received aceclofenac (54.9%), as well as diclofenac (2.0%), ketoprofen (1.9%), lornoxicam (2.2%), meloxicam (13.7%), naproxen (2.1%), nimesulide (5.8%), celecoxib (5.9%), ethicoxib (7.1%) and other NSAIDs (4.4%); 56.2% of patients received muscle relaxants, mainly tolperisone (74.7%), vitamin B (10.4%), and proton pump inhibitors (42.8%). Complete pain relief was achieved in 54.8% of patients. The pain decrease and general health improvement were (for NRS) 63.9±13.4% and 61.7±14.8%, respectively. The efficacy of aceclofenac was slightly higher than in the whole group: complete pain relief was in 59.9% of patients. Adverse events in aceclofenac use were observed in 2.3% of patients, other NSAIDs-from 2.4 to 14.1%. The frequency of complete pain relief was higher in men: OR 1,239 (95% CI 1.08-1.418; p=0.002), who had the first episode of pain - OR 3.341 (95% CI 2.873-3.875; p=0.000), a good" response " to NSAIDs in history - OR 1.656 (95% CI 1.385-1.980; p=0.000) and received NSAIDs in combination with muscle relaxants - OR 1.218 (95% CI 1.067-1.390; p=0.004). The effect of therapy is lower in patients 65 years and older-OR 0,378 (95% CI 0.324-0.442; p=0,000), with body mass index >30 kg/m² - OR 0.619 (95% CI 0.529-0.723; p=0.000), with severe pain (≥7 points NRS) - OR 0.662 (95% CI 0.580-0.756; p=0.002), with pain at rest, - OR 0.515 (95% CI 0.450-0,589; p=0.000), pain at night - OR 0.581 (95% CI 0.501-0.672; p=0.000) and the presence of stiffness - OR 0.501 (95% CI 0.438-0,573; p=0.000). Treatment results are significantly worse in the cases of combination of LBP and joint pain, as well as pain in the trochanter major and pes anserinus area (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: NSAIDs are the first-line medications for the pain treatment in LBP and OA. Aceclofenac is effective and safe in this conditions. When carrying out analgesic therapy should take into account factors that affect the effectiveness of treatment: old age, overweight, insufficient effect of NSAIDs in history, severe pain, signs of "inflammatory" pain, multiple sources of pain.

[Modified Oligonucleotides for Guiding RNA Cleavage Using Bacterial RNase P].

The ability of a series of novel modified external guide sequences (EGS oligonucleotides) to induce the hydrolysis of target RNA with bacterial ribonuclease P has been studied; the most efficient modification variants have been selected. We have found patterns of the oligonucleotide sugar-phosphate backbone modi-fications that enhance oligonucleotide stability in the biological environment and do not violate the ability to interact with the enzyme and induce the RNA hydrolysis. It has been shown that analogues of EGS oligonucleotides selectively modified at 2'-position (2'-O-methyl and 2'-fluoro) or at internucleotide phosphates (phosphoryl guanidines) can be used for the addressed cleavage of a model RNA target by bacterial RNase P. The ability of new phosphoryl guanidine analogues of oligodeoxyribonucleotides that are stable in biological media to induce the hydrolysis of target RNA with bacterial ribonuclease P has been shown for the first time. The modified EGS oligonucleotides with an optimal balance between functional activity and stability in biological media can be considered as potential antibacterial agents.

[The problems associated with the treatment of stenosing laryngotracheitis in the children (the results of the 35 year-long experience)]. / Problemy lecheniia stenoziruiushchego laringotrakheita u detei (rezul'taty 35-letnego opyta).

Stenosing laryngotracheitis (SLT) affecting the children is considered to be an emergency pediatric condition associated with ENT pathology. Its treatment presents a serious challenge for otolaryngologists, pediatricians, specialists in communicable diseases, allergologists, etc. We have undertaken a retrospective analysis of the available data with a view to summarizing the tendencies in the evolution of SLT morbidity. The results of the 35 year-long experience with the use of the currently available therapeutic strategies for the treatment of the children suffering from stenosing laryngotracheitis are presented. Special emphasis is laid on the advantages of the combined treatment of the patients presenting with this condition based at a specialized infectious department with the participation of an otorhinolaryngologist.

Initial data on biological activity of taiga-steppe soils in the lower reaches of the Kolyma River.

Microbiological and enzyme activities of extrazonal taiga-steppe soils in the lower reaches of the Kolyma River have been studied for the first time. Contrary to north-taiga cryometamorphic soils, predominating in the area, microbial cenoses under herb-sedge petrophytic and grass-sagebrush-herb thermophytic steppes are characterized by features typical for arid soils. The saturation of the soil profile with microorganisms is greater, and the development of actinomycetes is more intensive. The enzyme complex is characterized by high activity of dehydrogenases.

[The Effect of Transcription on Enhancer Activity in Drosophila melanogaster].

In higher eukaryotes, the level of gene transcription is under the control of DNA regulatory elements, such as promoter, from which transcription is initiated with the participation of RNA polymerase II and general transcription factors, as well as the enhancer, which increase the rate of transcription with the involvement of activator proteins and cofactors. It was demonstrated that enhancers are often located in the transcribed regions of the genome. We showed earlier that transcription negatively affected the activity of enhancers in Drosophila in model transgenic systems. In this study, we tested the effect of the distance between the leading promoter, enhancer, and target promoter on the inhibitory effect of transcriptions of different strengths. It was demonstrated that the negative effect of transcription remained, but weakened with increased distance between the leading promoter and enhancer and with decreased distance between the enhancer and target promoter. Thus, transcription can modulate the activity of enhancers by controlling its maximum level.

[Comparative assessment of different approaches for obtaining terminally differentiated muscle cells].

Relevant cell model is essential to study pathogenesis of muscle disorders. However, in the field of muscle research there is no ultimate cell line considered as a standard for studying muscular and neuromuscular diseases. Standard cell line claimed to be well differentiated in muscle lineage, be morphological and physiological similar to mature muscle cells and be easily genetically modified. Therefore, the goal of our study was to pick up available and fruitful cell model of muscle differentiation, that could be further applied for examination of muscular disorder pathogenesis in vitro. We characterized human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), mature murine muscle fibers and primary murine satellite cells. It has been shown that MSC have very small capacity to myogenic differentiation; moreover, they were able to differentiate only in presence of C2C12 cells. Lentiviral transduction exhibited rather high toxic effect on primary myofibers, and positively transduced cells were not able to response to electrical stimulation, i. e. were functionally inactive. Satellite cells turned out to be the most fruitful cell model since they were easily transduced via lentiviruses and rapidly formed myotubes in differentiation media. Functional analysis of obtained myotubes has confirmed their ability to react to electrical and chemical stimulations; besides, potassium and calcium channels availability has been also demonstrated via patch-clump technique. Taken together, these results imply that satellite cells are the most promising cell line for further experiments aimed at exploring the molecular pathways of muscle pathologies.

[Hemodynamics, oxygen transport and perioperative intensive care evaluation in newborns with surgical pathology].

The aim of the work was to develop criteria of perioperative intensive therapy efficiency in surgical neonates by hemodynamic, acid--base status, oxygen transport and pulmonary hydration studying and evaluating. The study of hemodynamics, oxygen transport, pulmonary hydration was performed in 69 infants with surgical pathology. In 36 children neuroaxial central blockades were used on the background of general anesthesia. The criteria of preoperative preparation effectiveness--balanced oxygen regime--3-3.5 units; positive central venous pressure--3-4 sm w. c.; hourly urine output of at least 1 ml/(kg x h); transthoracic impedance is not less than 19 ohms (prevention of pulmonary edema). In group I hemodynamic variations were minimal compared with infants of the II groups that is associated with better analgesic effect of caudal-epidural blockades.

[Immunomodulators and specific inactivated vaccines in urgent prophylaxis under experimental arboviral infection].

A reliable protective activity of the home-manufactured immunomodulators (ridostin, polyribonate glucosemuramyl-dipeptide, Mylife, and peptidoglycane-160) was detected in mice. The mice were infected with the equine eastern encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV, an alphavirus), or with the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), or the yellow fever (YF) virus (both flaviviruses). The effect of the urgent vaccination reliably increases when the vaccination is combined with the immunomodulators listed above. Under the alphavirus infection, the combined effects of the vaccine and ridostin were accompanied with increased specific humoral and cellular immune response (virus-specific antibodies and adoptive transfer of immune lymphocytes). The combined application of the specific vaccine and ridostin can be recommended for clinical trials of TBE in the foci of Infection.

[Efficiency of coadministration of immunomodulators and vaccine in an experiment on tick-borne encephalitis].

Experiments on a tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) model in CBA and BALB/c mice demonstrated that immunomodulators (ridostin, polyribonate, and peptidoglycan-160) and a specific vaccine against TBE were significantly effective in increasing the level of a protective effect and life expectancy in the experimental group as compared to the control group. The findings allow one to recommend the immunomodulator ridostin in combination with the inactivated vaccine for the emergency prophylaxis of TBE in its virus-infected subjects in the foci of infection.

[Distant interactions between enhancers and promoters in Drosophila melanogaster are mediated by transgene-flanking Su(Hw) insulators].

Insulators are DNA elements modulating gene activation by enhancers. Interaction between insulators can result in either isolation, or activation of promoter by the enhancer. In the present study, it is demonstrated that in transgenic lines, the yellow enhancers are unable to activate promoter of the tagged gene through the mini-white gene. The mini-white promoter, which functions as an insulator, can block the enhancer activity. In case that the genes and regulatory elements in the construct are flanked by Su(Hw) insulators from retroposon MDG4, interaction between enhancers and the yellow promoter is restored. The data obtained are congruent with the model suggesting that promoters can function as insulators, and that interaction between the insulators facilitates the interaction between enhancers and promoters within transcriptional domain.

[Combined effects of immunomodulators and specific inactivated vaccines against alpha- and flavivirus infections].

The combined effects of immunomodulators, such as ridostin, polyribonate, glucose muramyl dipeptide, and peptidoglycan-160, and specific vaccines on survival of mice with alpha- (eastern equine encephalitis) and flavivirus (tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) infections were found to be significant. In alphavirus infection, the combined effects of the specific vaccine and ridostin were accompanied by increases in specific humoral immunity (specific antibodies) and cellular immunity (adoptive transfer of immune lymphocytes). The concurrent use of the specific vaccine and the immunomodulator ridostin is recommended in clinical trials of TBE in the foci of infection.

Escort aptamers: new tools for the targeted delivery of therapeutics into cells.

Escort aptamers are DNA or RNA sequences with high affinity to certain cell-surface proteins, which can be used for targeted delivery of various agents into cells of a definite type. The peculiarities of the selection of escort aptamers are discussed in this review. The methods used in selection of escort aptamers via the SELEX technique are considered, including selection against isolated cell-surface proteins, cell fragments, living eukaryotic cells, and bacteria. Particular attention is given to the design and chemical modification of escort aptamers. The different fields of application of escort aptamers are described, including the targeted delivery of siRNAs, nanoparticles, toxins, and photoagents, as well as the identification of specific cell markers and the detection or isolation of cells of a definite type. The potential for the application of escort aptamers in the development of new therapeutic agents and diagnostic systems is also discussed.

Sulfated cellulose derivatives inhibit activities of thrombin and activated factor X.

Sulfated derivatives based on powdered cellulose were obtained, including those containing additional (carboxymethyl, ethyl amide or phosphate) groups, and their activity against blood clotting factors (thrombin and Xa) was studied. Maximum antithrombin activity of the test compounds, measured using a coagulation test, was 144±11 U/mg.