[Galenic, concerted choice and compliance in hormonal replacement therapy]. / Galénique, concertation et observance dans le traitement hormonal de substitution.

A survey was conducted in May-June 1998 among 394 French menopausal women in order to better understand opinions, attitudes and habits of HRT users. Matters such as information, importance of a concerted choice between doctor and patient and treatment improvement were also mentioned for a better compliance.

[Resistance and compliance to contraception in adolescents]. / Resistance et compliance a la contraception a l'adolescence.

PIP: Although inadequate information on sex and contraception is frequently believed to account for contraceptive failure in adolescents, other factors including resistence to contraception or poor compliance with method requirements have been invoked to explain contraceptive failures in well-informed adolescents. Sexual relations are beginning at ever-younger ages in France; a 1980 survey indicated that 50% had their 1st sexual relations before age 17. Sexual activity is sporadic and irregular but usually occurs with the same partner. At least 50% of 1st sexual relations are unprotected by contraception, and half of adolescent pregnancies occur in the 1st 6th months of sexual activity. 6-12 months pass on average before sexually active adolescents begin to use contraception. Rates of pregnancy and abortion have increased especially among adolescents under 16, and in 1979 almost 20% of all abortions were in women under 20 years old. In 1980, only 20% of adolescents used contraception, with 17.3% using oral contraceptives. Few statistics exist on the complex phenomenon of conscious or subconscious contraceptive resistence in adolescence, and clinical experience serves as a better guide. A frequent attitude among adolescents is that sexual relations should be spontaneous and romantic, traits viewed as incompatible with contraception. "Magical thinking", failure to appreciate the real risk of pregnancy, and dissociation of sex and pregnancy are common. Adolescents who doubt their fecundity may engage in unprotected relations to reassure themselves, while some seeking to assert their femininity may use pills although they have no need for contraception. Guilt and ambivalence may be unconscious motivations for poor contraceptive use. Young girls in cold, uncaring, neglectful, or conflict-ridden homes may seek affection from a sexual partner and wish to have a baby to demonstrate their attachment. Such situations often lead to well-accepted pregnancies and may also demonstrate a desire for self-affirmation, a search for identity, and a reliving of the mother's own childhood. Very young girls especially may be reluctant to discuss contraception for fear of displeasing their partners or losing their love. Fear of gynecological examinations, distrust of both the side effects of pills and the efficacy of all other contraceptive methods, and rebellion against the adult world are additional reasons for nonuse of contraception. Fears on the part of the mother or resentment of the daughter's maturity and sexuality or other feelings may impede communication and hence acquisition and use of contraception. Resistence by adults in general to expressions of sexuality among adolescents may prevent physicians from prescribing pills and educators from providing information on sex and contraception. Compliance with contraception appears to be a multidimensional phenomenon with 3 principal domaines: individual characteristics, the environment, and the availability of contraception. Unfavorable social situations and young age at initiation of sexual activity are unfavorable to compliance, while a well-defined identity, autonomy, and sense of responsability are favorable. The most important environmental factor is a supportive family, while the type of method appears to be less significant. Careful and sympathetic reception of the adolescent and good follow-up by the health worker can boost compliance.^ieng

[Psycho-medical approach to infertility. Suffering from sterility]. / Approche psycho-médicale de l'infertilité. "Souffrir de stérilité".

We present a study of how a doctor and a psycho-analyst have collaborated in an infertility clinic. We have rejected the usual division between organic and psychogenic sterility and have emphasized how in each case there is latent psychic suffering. This paper is in two parts: 1) The first describes the methodology of the joint consultation and how suitable this method is for research; 2) The second part is a synthesis of the clinical cases collected over the course of 18 months. There is always a latent psychological conflict present behind the complaint of infertility. When a doctor and a psycho-analyst are together the patient can express the preconscious or unconscious fantasy where the true significance of his symptom of sterility can be found. This may be a defence against fulfilling an Oedipus situation, or against a fantasy of parthenogenetic reproduction, or against the fear of being torn open bodily. These are given as examples.

[The psychoanalytic approach to contraception today (author's transl)]. / Approche psychanalytique de la contraception d'aujuourd'hui.

The authors look at a consultation for contraception from the point of view of the doctor and emphasize the unusual character of this consultation: on the one hand the doctor is not asked to exercise his usual therapeutic function, and on the other hand he is put into the position where he has to be a "sexual educator", a particularly delicate position to be in especially when dealing with adolescents. The authors look then at the subject from the point of view of the patient who is consulting the doctor for contraceptive services and distinguish three stages: The patient or rather the consultee who is in full reproductive life and who asks for contraception (and its failures) in relationship to the ups and downs of her unconscious desire to have a child; the consultee at the end of her reproductive life who tries to establish a relationship of patient to doctor by avoiding a list of morbid symptoms; and particularly the adolescent whose demand for contraception is very delicate (as all medical interventions are at this age), and where the doctor finds himself in the privileged position of being able to restore individuality to the adolescent by refusing to allow the consultation to be directed by the mother.