Effect of the CER[NP]:CER[AP] a ratio on the structure of a stratum corneum model lipid matrix - a molecular dynamics study.

In some dermal diseases with evident skin dehydration and desquamation, the natural ratio of CER[NP]:CER[AP] is altered in the extracellular matrix of the stratum corneum by increasing the concentration of CER[AP]. The extracellular matrix of the stratum corneum is composed of several stacked lipid bilayers. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the molecular nanostructure of CER[NP], CER[AP], cholesterol and lignoceric acid models of the extracellular matrix of the stratum corneum with a nativelike CER[NP]:CER[AP] 2:1 ratio and a CER[NP]:CER[AP] ratio of 1:2. Despite the very minor chemical difference between CER[NP] and CER[AP], which is only a single OH group, it was possible to observe differences between the structural influence of the two ceramides. In the models with 1:2 ratio, the higher CER[AP] content leads to a larger inclination of the acyl chains and a smaller overlap in the lamellar midplane, with a small increase of the repeat distance compared to the model with higher CER[NP] concentration. Because CER[AP] forms more H-bonds than CER[NP], the total number of hydrogen bonds in the headgroup region is larger in the models with higher CER[AP] concentration, reducing the mobility of the lipids towards the centre of the bilayer and resulting in less overlap and increased tilt angles.

Hydrogen Bonds and n → π* Interactions in the Acetylation of Propranolol Catalyzed by Candida antarctica Lipase B: A QTAIM Study.

Enzyme-substrate interactions play a crucial role in enzymatic catalysis. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) calculations are extremely useful in computational studies of these interactions because they provide very detailed information about the strengths and types of molecular interactions. QTAIM also provides information about the intramolecular changes that occur in the catalytic reaction. Here, we analyze the enzyme-substrate interactions and the topological properties of the electron density in the enantioselective step of the acylation of (R,S)-propranolol, an aminoalcohol with therapeutic applications, catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B. Eight reaction paths (four for each enantiomer) are investigated and the energies, atomic charges, hydrogen bonds, and n → π* interactions of propranolol, the catalytic triad (composed of D187, H224, and S105), and the oxyanion hole are analyzed. It is found that D187 acts as an electron density reservoir for H224, and H224 acts as an electron density reservoir for the active site of the protein. It releases electron density when the tetrahedral intermediate is formed from the Michaelis complex and receives it when the enzyme-product complex is formed. Hydrogen bonds can be grouped into noncovalent and covalent hydrogen bonds. The latter are stronger and more important for the reaction than the former. We also found weak n → π* interactions, which are characterized by QTAIM and the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis.

Finite-temperature effect in the O-acylation of (R,S)-propranolol catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B.

CalB is a triacylglycerol hydrolase (E.C.3.1.1.3) used in the O-acylation of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent (R,S)-propranolol. The catalytic mechanism involves two steps: enzyme acylation and enzyme deacylation. The enantioselectivity of the O-acylation of (R,S)-propranolol originates from the second step, where the acyl-enzyme transfers the acyl group to the racemic substrate. This step occurs via an initial Michaelis complex (MCC) and a tetrahedral intermediate (TI-2). To gain more insight into the molecular basis of this reaction, we performed an exhaustive conformational sampling along the reaction coordinate of the enantioselective step of the reaction (MCC→TI-2→EPC) applying a QM/MM MD protocol (SCC-DFTB/CHARMM) in combination with umbrella sampling and the weighted histogram analysis method. To identify finite temperature effects we compare the PMF and the potential energy pathway. It is found that the effect of the finite temperature in this reaction is a destabilization of the tetrahedral intermediate and an increase of the barrier height of its formation. This increase is higher for the S-enantiomer.

Ion mobility spectrometry experiments should be carried out at high temperatures to reduce uncertainties in the measurement of reduced mobilities.

In ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), reduced mobility (K0) is an identification parameter of gas-phase ions but, frequently, these values are different whether there is contamination with moisture and other volatile compounds or not. We studied the effect of 2-butanol as a contaminant in IMS using electrospray ionization-IMS-mass spectrometry. The ion mobilities of valinol, phenylalanine, and tryptophan were measured with 0.0, 1.7, 3.4, 5.1, and 6.8 mmol m-3 of 2-butanol (0.065, 0.131, 0.196, and 0.261 ppmv, respectively) in the buffer gas at 100, 150, 200, and 250 °C. At 100 °C, K0 values of valinol, phenylalanine, and tryptophan ions decreased by -14.2%, -11.9%, and -10.3%, respectively, with 6.8 mmol m-3 of 2-butanol in the buffer gas. These different changes in mobilities were due to the formation of large 2-butanol : analyte ion clusters. The largest mobility reductions were obtained at 100 °C due to increased 2-butanol : analyte ion interactions, calculated using Gaussian. At 250 °C, the formation of clusters was hindered, and the injection of 2-butanol did not affect mobilities. That the largest mobility changes when contamination was present were obtained at the lowest temperature, as is almost always the case for field IMS instruments, indicates that drift-tube ion mobility measurements must be carried out at high temperatures to obtain reliable reduced mobilities. Contaminants of mass or polarity larger than that of 2-butanol will produce larger mobility changes. These mobility changes will be much larger at the relatively low temperatures used by most field instruments due to a balance between heating power consumption and the benefits of high temperatures. IMS at high temperatures could be the choice for the detection of illegal drugs, explosives, and biological and warfare agents in airports, ports, and customs to avoid false positives, ease the transit of passengers and cargo, increase the seizure of illegal substances, and save money and discomfort due to unnecessary delays produced by false positives.

Effect of the acyl-group length on the chemoselectivity of the lipase-catalyzed acylation of propranolol-a computational study.

The selective N-acylation of 1,2-amino alcohols has been proposed to occur through the proton shuttle mechanism. However, the O-acetylation of propranolol catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B is an exception. We investigated the relation between the chemoselectivity of this reaction and the acyl group length. For this purpose, we compared the acyl groups: ethanoyl, butanoyl, octanoyl, and hexadecanoyl. We studied the Michaelis complexes between serine-acylated Candida antarctica lipase B and propranolol, employing a computational approach that involved sampling Michaelis complex conformations through ensemble docking plus consensus scoring and molecular dynamics simulations. The conformations were then classified as near attack conformations for acylation of the amino or hydroxy group. The relative populations of these two classes of conformations were found to be consistent with the experimentally observed chemoselective O-acetylation. We predict that increasing the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the acyl group will cause O-acylation to be unfavorable with respect to N-acylation. The nucleophilic attack of propranolol to the acylated lipase was found to be more favorable through the classical mechanism when compared with the proton shuttle mechanism.

The Dimer-of-Trimers Assembly Prevents Catalysis at the Transferase Site of Prokaryotic FAD Synthase.

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are essential flavoprotein cofactors. A riboflavin kinase (RFK) activity catalyzes riboflavin phosphorylation to FMN, which can then be transformed into FAD by an FMN:adenylyltransferase (FMNAT) activity. Two enzymes are responsible for each one of these activities in eukaryotes, whereas prokaryotes have a single bifunctional enzyme, FAD synthase (FADS). FADS folds in two independent modules: the C-terminal with RFK activity and the N-terminal with FMNAT activity. Differences in structure and chemistry for the FMNAT catalysis among prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzymes pointed to the FMNAT activity of prokaryotic FADS as a potential antimicrobial target, making the structural model of the bacterial FMNAT module in complex with substrates relevant to understand the FADS catalytic mechanism and to the discovery of antimicrobial drugs. However, such a crystallographic complex remains elusive. Here, we have used molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to generate energetically stable interactions of the FMNAT module of FADS from Corynebacterium ammoniagenes with ATP/Mg2+ and FMN in both the monomeric and dimer-of-trimers assemblies reported for this protein. For the monomer, we have identified the residues that accommodate the reactive phosphates in a conformation compatible with catalysis. Interestingly, for the dimer-of-trimers conformation, we have found that the RFK module negatively influences FMN binding at the interacting FMNAT module. These results agree with calorimetric data of purified samples containing nearly 100% monomer or nearly 100% dimer-of-trimers, indicating that FMN binds to the monomer but not to the dimer-of-trimers. Such observations support regulation of flavin homeostasis by quaternary C. ammoniagenes FADS assemblies.

Efecto de la estructura molecular sobre el espectro electrónico vertical de la oxoglaucina / Effects of the molecular structure on the electronic vertical spectrum of oxoglaucine / Efeito da estrutura molecular no espectro eletrônico vertical da oxoglaucina

Resumen Se investigó el espectro electrónico vertical de la oxoglaucina utilizando el método de interacción de configuraciones multi-referencial (DFT/MRCI). Se analizó el efecto de los grupos metilo y metoxilo sobre la geometría y la distribución energética de los estados excitados de baja energía utilizando la base TZVP. Se encontró que, en los mínimos del estado fundamental de oxoglaucina, oxoglaucina sin grupos metilo y sin grupos metoxilo, los estados excitados singulete de más baja energía son de tipo nП* (S1) y ПП* (S2) y que los estados triplete ПП* (T1) y nП* (T2) son energéticamente accesibles desde S1 Desde el punto de vista energético, se encontró que el canal más eficiente para el entrecruzamiento de sistemas singulete-triplete es 1(nП*)3(ПП*). Aunque la presencia de los grupos metilo y metoxilo distorsionan la planaridad del sistema de anillos, su efecto en la distribución (vertical) de los estados singulete y triplete de más baja energía es mínimo.

Abstract The vertical electronic spectrum of oxoglaucine by means of a multireference configuration interaction method (DFT/ MRCI) was studied. The effect of both methyl and methoxy groups on the geometries and energetic distribution of the low-lying excited states was analyzed. The results show that, by means of the TZVP basis set, at the ground state minima of oxoglaucine, oxoglaucine without methyl and methoxy groups, the lowest excited singlet states are of nП* (S1) and ПП* (S2) type. Triplet states of ПП* (T1) and nП* (T2) type are energetically accessible from S1. From the energetic point of view, it can be proposed that the channel for an efficient intersystem crossing 1(nП*)3(ПП*) is plausible. Although the presence of the methyl and methoxyl groups distort the planarity of the rings system, the effect in the vertical distribution of the lowest lying singlet and triplet states can be considered as negligible.

Resumo O espectro eletrônico vertical da oxoglaucina foi investigado por meio do método de interação de configurações multi referência (DFT/MRCI). Foi estudado o efeito dos grupos metilo e metoxi nas geometrias e na distribuição energética dos estados excitados de baixa energia utilizando a base TZVP. Os resultados mostram que nos mínimos do estado fundamental da oxoglaucina, a oxoglaucina sem grupos metilo e metoxi os estados excitados singletos de mais baixa energia são de tipo nП* (S1) y ПП* (S2) e que os estados tripletos do tipo ПП* (T1) e nП* (T2) são energeticamente acessíveis a partir de S1 Do ponto de vista energético, pode-se propor que o canal para um cruzamento intersistema eficiente 1(nП*)3(ПП*) seja plausível. Embora a presença dos grupos metilo e metoxilo distorçam a planaridade do sistema de anéis, o efeito na distribuição vertical dos estados de singleto e de tripleto de mais baixa energía pode ser considerado negligenciável.

Concerted double proton-transfer electron-transfer between catechol and superoxide radical anion.

We have carried out a computational study on the reactivity of catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) towards superoxide radical anion (O2˙-) in water, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), pentyl ethanoate (PEA) and vacuum using density functional theory and the coupled cluster method. Five reaction mechanisms were studied: (i) sequential proton transfer followed by hydrogen atom transfer (PT-HT), (ii) sequential hydrogen atom transfer followed by proton transfer (HT-PT), (iii) single electron transfer (SET), (iv) radical adduct formation (RAF) and (v) concerted double proton-transfer electron-transfer (denoted as global reaction, GR). Our results show that catechol and superoxide do not react via a sequential reaction mechanism (initial PT, initial HAT or SET). Instead, the reaction proceeds via a concerted double proton-transfer electron-transfer mechanism yielding hydrogen peroxide and catechol radical anion. The protons are transferred asynchronously between the σ orbitals of the catechol oxygen atoms to superoxide, while the electron is transferred between oxygen π orbitals in the same direction. The calculated rate constants in aqueous media agree with the experimental values reported in the literature. This suggests that the mechanism proposed in this work is adequate to describe this reaction. In addition, our results show that the reaction exhibits a large tunneling effect.

Internal heavy atom effects in phenothiazinium dyes: enhancement of intersystem crossing via vibronic spin-orbit coupling.

The effect of substituting the intra-cyclic sulphur of thionine by oxygen (oxonine) and selenium (selenine) on the intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency has been studied using high level quantum mechanical methods. The ISC rate constants are considerably increased when going from O towards Se while the fluorescence rate constants remain unchanged. For the three dyes, all accessible ISC channels are driven by vibronic spin-orbit coupling (SOC) between ππ* states. The interplay between the ground and low-lying excited states has been investigated in order to determine the dominant relaxation pathways. In oxonine the relaxation to the ground state after photoexcitation in water proceeds essentially via fluorescence from the S1(πHπL*) bright state (kF = 2.10 × 10(8) s(-1)), in agreement with the high experimental fluorescence quantum yield. In aqueous solution of thionine, the ISC rate constant (kISC ∼ 1 × 10(9) s(-1)) is one order of magnitude higher than fluorescence (kF = 1.66 × 10(8) s(-1)) which is consistent with its high triplet quantum yield observed in water (ϕT = 0.53). Due to a stronger vibronic SOC in selenine, the ISC rate is very high (kISC ∼ 10(10) s(-1)) and much faster than fluorescence (kF = 1.59 × 10(8) s(-1)). This suggests selenine-based dyes as very efficient triplet photosensitizers.

Synthesis of new N-phenyl-N-(1-phenylhex- 5-en-1-yl)acetamides and their ¹H-NMR conformational study / Síntesis de nuevas N-fenil- N-(1-fenilhex-5-en-1-il) acetamidas y su estudio conformacional mediante ¹H-RMN / Síntese de novas N-fenil- N-(1-fenilhex-5-en-1-il) acetamidas e o seu estudo conformacional por ¹H-RMN

Antifungal and antiparasitic activities for N-acetyl derivatives of different N-(prop)butenylamines have been previously evaluated and reported. Consequently, an efficient and versatile synthesis procedure and complete characterization of different N-phenyl-N-(1-phenylhex-5-en-1-yl)acetamides is presented. Two conformational isomers were observed for one of the compounds in their ¹H/13C-NMR spectra. The conformational analysis was carried out using the B3LYP functional with the 6-31+G(2d,p) basis and the NMR spectroscopic data. The dihedral angle values of the allylic system obtained by both computational methods and ¹H-NMR data analysis (Garbisch's equation) were compared and used to successfully determine the conformational structures and the intramolecular interaction responsible for signal duplicity and chemical shifting respectively.

Previamente se han evaluado y reportado las propiedades antifúngicas y antiparasitarias para derivados de N-acetil procedentes de diferentes N-(prop)butenilaminas. En este sentido, la esta investigación presenta un procedimiento de síntesis versátil y eficiente, con la caracterización completa de diferentes N-fenil-N-(1-fenilhex-5- en-1-yl)acetamidas. Se observaron dos isómeros conformacionales para uno de los compuestos en su espectro ¹H/13CRMN. El análisis conformacional se llevó a cabo usando B3LYP funcional con base en 6-31+G(2d,p) y los datos de espectroscopia RMN. Los valores de ángulo dihedro del sistema alílico -obtenidos por los métodos computacionales citados y el análisis de los datos derivados de ¹H-RMN usando la ecuación de Garbisch-, se compararon y se usaron para determinar exitosamente las estructuras conformacionales isoméricas y la interacción intramolecular responsables de la duplicidad de señales y del desplazamiento químico, respectivamente.

As atividades antifúngicas e antiparasitárias de N-acetil derivados de diferentes N-(prop)butenilaminas têm sido previamente avaliadas e relatadas. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma rota de síntese eficiente e a caracterização completa de diferentes N-fenil-N-(1-fenilhex-5-en-1-il)acetamidas. Nos espectros ¹H/13C-RMN foram observados dois isômeros conformacionais para um dos compostos. Foi feita uma análise conformacional usando o funcional B3LYP com bases 6-31+G(2d,p) e os dados de ¹H-RMN. Os valores dos ângulos diedros do sistema alílico obtidos por métodos computacionais e por análise de dados de ¹H-RMN (equação de Garbish) foram comparados e usados para determinar as estruturas dos confôrmeros, o que permitiu determinar as interações intramoleculares responsáveis do diferente deslocamento químico e a conseqüente duplicidade dos sinais no composto que apresentou os dois confôrmeros.

Proton transfer from 1,4-pentadiene to superoxide radical anion: a QTAIM analysis / Transferencia de protón desde el 1,4-pentadieno al radical anión superóxido: un análisis QTAIM / Transferência de prótons de 1,4-pentadieno o ânion radical superóxido: uma análise QTAI

We studied the bis-allylic proton transfer reaction from 1,4-pentadiene to superoxide radical anion (O2.-). Minima and transition state geometries, as well as thermochemical parameters were computed at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p) level of theory. The electronic wave functions of reactants, intermediates, and products were analyzed within the framework of the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules. The results show the formation of strongly hydrogen bonded complexes between the 1,4-pentadien- 3-yl anion and the hydroperoxyl radical as the reaction products. These product complexes (PCs) are more stable than the isolated reactants and much more stable than the isolated products. This reaction occurs via pre-reactive complexes which are more stable than the PCs and the transition states. This is in agreement with the fact that the net proton transfer reaction that leads to free products is an endothermic and nonspontaneous process.

Nosotros estudiamos la reacción de transferencia de protón bis-alílico del 1,4-pentadieno al radical anión superóxido (O2.--). Las geometrías de los mínimos y de los estados de transición, así como también los parámetros termoquímicos se calcularon usando el nivel de teoría B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p). Las funciones de onda electrónicas de los reactantes, intermedios y productos se analizaron dentro del marco de la teoría cuántica de átomos en moléculas. Nuestros resultados muestran la formación de complejos estabilizados por enlaces de hidrógeno entre el anión 1,4pentadien-3-ilo y el radical hidroperoxilo como productos de reacción. Estos complejos producto (PCs) son más estables que los reactantes aislados y mucho más estables que los productos aislados. Esta reacción ocurre vía la formación de complejos pre-reactivos, los cuales son más estables que los PCs y los estados de transición. Estos resultados están de acuerdo con el hecho de que la reacción global de transferencia de protón que conduce a la formación de los productos libres es un proceso endotérmico y no espontáneo.

Estudou-se a reação de transferência do próton bis-alílico do 1,4-pentadieno ao radical ânion superóxido (O2.-). As geometrias dos mínimos e dos estados de transição, bem como os parâmetros termoquímicos foram calculadas utilizando o nível de teoria B3LYP/6-311+G(3df, 2p). As funçÃμes de onda eletrònica dos reagentes, intermediários e produtos foram analisadas no âmbito da teoria quântica de átomos em moléculas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a formação de complexos estabilizados por ligaçÃμes de hidrogênio entre o ânion 1,4-pentadieno- 3-ilo e o radical hidroperoxilo como produtos de reação. Estes complexos formados como produtos (PCs) são mais estáveis do que os reagentes isolados e muito mais estáveis do que os produtos isolados. Esta reação ocorre por meio de complexos pré-reativos mais estáveis do que os PCs e os estados de transição. Estes resultados estão de acordo com o fato da reação global de transferência de próton que conduz à formação dos produtos livres, é um processo endotérmico e não espontâneo.

A theoretical study of thionine: spin-orbit coupling and intersystem crossing.

A study of the possible intersystem crossing (ISC) mechanisms (S→T) in thionine (3,7-diamino-phenothiazin-5-ium), which is conducive to the efficient population of the triplet manifold, is presented. The radiationless deactivation channels {S(1),S(2)(π → π*) → T(1),T(2)(π → π*)} have been examined. Since the direct ISC does not explain the high triplet quantum yield in this system, attention has been centered on the vibronic spin-orbit coupling between the low-lying singlet and triplet (π → π*) states of interest. An efficient population transfer from the S(1)(π(H) → π(L)*) state to the T(2)(π(H-1) → π(L)*) state via this channel is confirmed. The calculated ISC rate constant for this channel is k(ISC) ≈ 3.35 × 10(8) s(-1), which can compete with the radiative depopulation of the S(1)(π(H) → π(L)*) state via fluorescence (k(F) ≈ 1.66 × 10(8) s(-1)) in a vacuum. The S(1)(π(H) → π(L)*) → T(1)(π(H) → π(L)*) and {S(2)(π(H-1) → π(L)*) → T(1),T(2)(π → π*)} ISC channels have been estimated to be less efficient (k(ISC) ≈ 10(5)-10(6) s(-1)). Based on the computed ISC rate constants and excited-state solvent shifts, it is suggested that the efficient triplet quantum yield of thionine in water is primarily due to the S(1)(π(H) → π(L)*) → T(2)(π(H-1) → π(L)*) channel with a computed rate constant of the order of 10(8)-10(9) s(-1) which is in accord with the experimental finding (k(ISC) = 2.8 × 10(9) s(-1)).

A quantum chemical investigation of the electronic structure of thionine.

We have examined the electronic and molecular structure of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium dye (thionine) in the electronic ground state and in the lowest excited states. The electronic structure was calculated using a combination of density functional theory and multi-reference configuration interaction (DFT/MRCI). Equilibrium geometries were optimized employing (time-dependent) density functional theory (B3LYP functional) combined with the TZVP basis set. Solvent effects were estimated using the COSMO model and micro-hydration with up to five explicit water molecules. Our calculated electronic energies are in good agreement with experimental data. We find the lowest excited singlet and triplet states at the ground state geometry to be of π→π* (S(1), S(2), T(1), T(2)) and n→π* (S(3), T(3)) character. This order changes when the molecular structure in the electronically excited states is relaxed. Geometry relaxation has almost no effect on the energy of the S(1) and T(1) states (~0.02 eV). The relaxation effects on the energies of S(2) and T(2) are moderate (0.14-0.20 eV). The very small emission energy results in a very low fluorescence rate. While we were not able to locate the energetic minimum of the S(3) state, we found a non-planar minimum for the T(3) state with an energy which is very close to the energy of the S(1) minimum in the gas phase (0.04 eV above). When hydration effects are taken into account, the n→π* states S(3) and T(3) are strongly blueshifted (0.33 and 0.46 eV), while the π→π* states are only slightly affected (<0.06 eV).

Photophysics of phenalenone: quantum-mechanical investigation of singlet-triplet intersystem crossing.

We have examined the electronic and molecular structure of 1H-phenalen-1-one (phenalenone) in the electronic ground state and in the lowest excited states, as well as intersystem crossing. The electronic structure was calculated using a combination of density functional theory and multi-reference configuration interaction. Intersystem crossing rates were determined using Fermi's golden rule and taking direct and vibronic spin-orbit coupling into account. The required spin-orbit matrix elements were obtained applying a non-empirical spin-orbit mean-field approximation. Our calculated electronic energies are in good agreement with experimental data. We find the lowest excited singlet states to be of the npi* (S1) and pipi* (S2) type. Energetically accessible from S1 are two triplet states of the pipi* (T1) and npi* (T2) type, the latter being nearly degenerate to S1. This ordering of states is retained when the molecular structure in the electronically excited states is relaxed. We expect very efficient intersystem crossing between S1 and T1. Our calculated intersystem crossing rate is approximately 2 x 10(10) s(-1), which is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 3.45 x 10(10) s(-1). Our estimated phosphorescence and fluorescence rates are many orders of magnitude smaller. Our results are in agreement with the experimentally observed behavior of phenalenone, including the high efficiency of 1O2 production.

Oxidación de anrraceno con oxígeno singulete geerado químicamente por el sisteema molibdato de sodio/peróxido de hiróógeno / Oxidaion of anthhracene with singlet xigen generated chemically by tthe sodium molibdate/hydrogen peroxidessystem / Oxidção de antraaceno com oxigênio snglete gerados quimicamente pello sistema molibdato de sódio / peróxido de hidrogênio

La oxidación del antraceno con oxígeno singulete, generado químicamente por el sistema molibdato de sodio/peróxido de hidrógeno (Na2MoO4/H2O2), fue estudiada en una microemulsión tipo micela invertida (agua/aceite). El seguimiento de la reacción se realizó midiendo la absorbancia en la banda de 375 nm por espectrofotometría UV-Vis. Se identificaron como productos de la oxidación: la antraquinona, el endoperóxido- 9,10-antraceno, la 9-hidroxiantrona, la antrona y el 9,10-dihidrodihidroxiantraceno mediante cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas (CG-EM). Los tres primeros productos son el resultado de la cicloadición [4+2] del oxígeno singulete sobre el antraceno. La antrona y el 9,10-dihidrodihidroxiantraceno pueden ser generados por la presencia de un radical generado en el medio de reacción. En las condiciones de reacción usadas se determinó una constante de la velocidad de la oxidación con oxígeno singulete.

The oxidation of anthracene with singlet oxygen, chemically generated by sodium molybdate/hydrogen peroxide system (Na2MoO4/H2O2), was studied in an inverted mycelle-type microemulsion (Oil/ Water). The tracking of the reaction was carried out by measuring the absorbance at the 375 nm band, using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Oxidation products (anthraquinone, endoperoxide-9,10-anthracene, 9-hydroxyanthrone, anthrone and 9,10-dihydrodihydroxianthracene) were identified by gas chromatography massspectrometry (GC-MS). The first three products come of the singlet oxygen [4+2] cycloaddition on the anthracene. Anthrone and 9,10-dihydrodihydroxianthracene can be generated by the presence of a radical that is produced in the reaction. Under the used reaction conditions it was determined the rate constant of the oxidation with oxygen singlet.

A oxidação do antraceno com o oxigênio singlete, gerado quimicamente pelo sistema sódio molibdato / peróxido de hidrogênio (Na2MoO4/H2O2); foi estudada numa microemulsão tipo, mycelle - invertida (água /óleo ). O acompanhamento da reação foi feito, pela absorvância na banda em 375 nm, utilizando espectrofotometria UV-Vis. Depois da a oxidacao; e utilizando as ténicas de, cromatografia gasosa, GC, e espectrometria de massa, MS; foram identificados os seguintes produtos: antraquinona, endoperóxido- 9,10-antraceno, 9-hidroxiantrona, antrona e 9,10- dihidrodihidroxiantraceno. Os três primeiros, sao provenientes da cicloadicao [4 +2] do oxigênio singlete sobre o antraceno. Antrone e 9,10 -dihidrodihidroxianthracene, podem ser gera- dos pela presença de um radical que é produzido na própria reação. Das condições utilizadas na reação, foi determinada uma taxa constante de oxidação com oxigênio singlete.