High Y-chromosomal diversity and low relatedness between paternal lineages on a communal scale in the Western European Low Countries during the surname establishment.

There is limited knowledge on the biological relatedness between citizens and on the demographical dynamics within villages, towns and cities in pre-17th century Western Europe. By combining Y-chromosomal genotypes, in-depth genealogies and surname data in a strict genetic genealogical approach, it is possible to provide insights into the genetic diversity and the relatedness between indigenous paternal lineages within a particular community at the time of the surname adoption. To obtain these insights, six Flemish communities were selected in this study based on the differences in geography and historical development. After rigorous selection of appropriate DNA donors, low relatedness between Y chromosomes of different surnames was found within each community, although there is co-occurrence of these surnames in each community since the start of the surname adoption between the 14th and 15th century. Next, the high communal diversity in Y-chromosomal lineages was comparable with the regional diversity across Flanders at that time. Moreover, clinal distributions of particular Y-chromosomal lineages between the communities were observed according to the clinal distributions earlier observed across the Flemish regions and Western Europe. No significant indication for genetic differences between communities with distinct historical development was found in the analysis. These genetic results provide relevant information for studies in historical sciences, archaeology, forensic genetics and genealogy.

Canonical decomposition of ictal scalp EEG reliably detects the seizure onset zone.

Long-term electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings are important in the presurgical evaluation of refractory partial epilepsy for the delineation of the irritative and ictal onset zones. In this paper we introduce a new algorithm for an automatic, fast and objective localizing of the ictal onset zone in ictal EEG recordings. We extracted the potential distribution of the ictal activity from EEG using the higher order canonical decomposition method, also referred to as the CP model. The CP model decomposes in a unique way a higher order tensor in a minimal sum of rank-1 'atoms'. We showed that only one atom is related to the seizure activity. Simulation experiments demonstrated that the method correctly extracted the potential distribution of the ictal activity even with low signal-to-noise ratios. In 37 ictal EEGs, the CP method correctly localized the seizure onset zone in 34 (92%) and visual assessment in 21 cases (57%) (p=0.00024). The CP method is a fast method to delineate the ictal onset zone in ictal EEGs and is more sensitive than visual interpretation of the ictal EEGs.