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1.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(3): 147-152, 2023 Mar.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36924152

RESUMO

Both physicians and patients dream of an efficacious and safe pharmacological approach to treat obesity. Unfortunately, most anti-obesity drugs prescribed since the fifties were associated with an unfavourable risk profile that led to numerous withdrawals. Medications issued from pharmaco-chemistry that mainly target brain amines to reduce appetite have been abandoned because of potential cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric toxicities. More recently, biological medications emerged, especially GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) receptor agonists, well-known to manage type 2 diabetes and now recommended at higher doses for the treatment of obesity (liraglutide, semaglutide). A dual agonist that targets both GLP-1 and GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide) receptors (tirzepatide) appears to be even more potent as glucose-lowering agent and is currently tested as an anti-obesity agent. Many other pharmacological approaches are currently investigated but they should not mask the importance of life-style measurements.


Médecins et patients rêvent d'une approche pharmacologique efficace et sûre pour traiter l'obésité. Hélas, la plupart des médicaments anti-obésité testés depuis les années 50 ont été grevés d'un profil de risque défavorable, ce qui a amené de nombreux retraits du marché. Les médicaments issus de la pharmacochimie ciblant principalement les amines cérébrales pour freiner l'appétit ont été abandonnés en raison de leur toxicité potentielle, cardiovasculaire et neuropsychiatrique. Une nouvelle opportunité est offerte avec l'avènement de médicaments biologiques, en particulier des analogues du GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) bien connus pour traiter le diabète de type 2 et aussi commercialisés à plus fortes doses pour traiter l'obésité (liraglutide, sémaglutide). Un agoniste double ciblant à la fois les récepteurs du GLP-1 et du GIP («Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide¼), le tirzépatide, s'avère encore plus puissant comme médicament antidiabétique et est actuellement testé comme agent anti-obésité. Un grand nombre d'autres approches pharmacologiques sont en cours d'investigation, mais toutes ces initiatives ne doivent pas scotomiser l'importance des mesures hygiéno-diététiques.


Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Humanos , Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacologia , Fármacos Antiobesidade/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/farmacologia , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/uso terapêutico , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Glucose/uso terapêutico , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico
2.
Brain Inj ; 37(1): 54-62, 2023 01 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36426606

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Nutritional status of patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) is poorly studied. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between nutritional status (body mass index, daily calories intake) and clinical variables (level of consciousness, time since injury, diagnosis, etiology and spastic muscle overactivity; SMO,) in patients with prolonged DoCor emerging. Our main hypotheses are i) patients with lower level of consciousness (UWS) have worse nutritional status compared to patients in minimally conscious state (MCS) and ii) SMO could influence nutritional status. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among the 80 patients included in the study (19 UWS, 47 MCS, 14 emerging MCS; 43 ± 15 yo; 3 ± 4 years post-injury, 35 traumatic etiology, 34 females), 9% were at risk to be undernourished, with no differences between UWS and MCS. Patients without SMO had a higher BMI compared to patients with severe SMO. Compared to the recommended daily calories intake, patients with the highest BMI received less calories and patients with the lowest BMI received more calories. We observed a negative correlation between SMO (in lower limbs) and BMI. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that most patients are well nourished, independently from the level of consciousness. SMO may require additional calories in patients' daily needs; however, longitudinal studies are needed to explore the causal relationship between these variables.


Assuntos
Transtornos da Consciência , Estado Nutricional , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Transversais , Transtornos da Consciência/etiologia , Transtornos da Consciência/diagnóstico , Prognóstico , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/etiologia , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/diagnóstico , Estado de Consciência/fisiologia
3.
Rev Med Suisse ; 17(747): 1411-1417, 2021 Aug 25.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34431634

RESUMO

Last European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) guidelines on dyslipidemia published in 2019 recommend an LDL-cholesterol goal < 1.4 mmol/l (< 55 mg/dl) for people at very high cardiovascular risk. They propose combinations of lipid lowering therapies in addition to statins if necessary to meet this objective, which is very rarely reached in this at risk population. Two new drugs have recently received European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia, bempedoic acid, a small oral molecule that inhibits hepatic cholesterol synthesis, and inclisiran, a small interfering RNA that reduces PCSK9 levels after its subcutaneous injection. This article summarizes the mode of action, efficacy data, safety/tolerance profile and indications of these two innovative drugs.


Les recommandations de 2019 de l'European Society of Cardiology et de l'European Atherosclerosis Society pour le traitement des dyslipidémies préconisent un cholestérol lipoprotéine de basse densité (LDL) < 1,4 mmol/l (< 55 mg/dl) chez les sujets à très haut risque cardiovasculaire. Elles proposent des associations de médicaments hypolipémiants en addition aux statines pour rencontrer cet objectif, souvent non atteint dans cette population. Deux nouvelles médications ont reçu l'approbation de l'Agence européenne du médicament pour le traitement de l'hypercholestérolémie, l'acide bempédoïque, une médication orale qui réduit la synthèse hépatique de cholestérol, et l'inclisiran, un petit acide ribonucléique interférent qui réduit les concentrations de proprotéine convertase subtilisine/kexine de type 9. Nous résumons le mode d'action, les données d'efficacité, le profil de sécurité et les indications de ces deux classes thérapeutiques innovantes.


Assuntos
Hipercolesterolemia , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Ácidos Dicarboxílicos , Ácidos Graxos , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/tratamento farmacológico , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9 , RNA Interferente Pequeno
4.
Rev Med Suisse ; 15(659): 1458-1460, 2019 Aug 21.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31436062

RESUMO

The number of bariatric surgery interventions has increased over the past 10 years. The effectiveness of bariatric surgery is currently well demonstrated. However, the need to organize a careful medical follow-up of these patients is essential to ensure a positive evolution over the long term. In fact, weight change may be highly variable : excessive weight loss, early stabilization, progressive weight recovery in the middle or long term, all events that often require a multidisciplinary approach. The risk of osteoporosis, dumping syndrome and micronutrient deficiencies requires long-term medical monitoring. In absence of adequate management, such complications may hinder the success of surgery. This article describes the most important points of long-term medical follow-up of patients who underwent bariatric surgery.


L'efficacité de la chirurgie bariatrique est bien démontrée, mais le maintien d'un suivi médical est essentiel afin d'assurer une évolution satisfaisante sur le long cours. En effet, différentes problématiques peuvent survenir après une chirurgie bariatrique, dont l'évolution pondérale, parfois très variable : sous-poids, stabilisation précoce ou encore reprise pondérale progressive, qui nécessitent une mise au point souvent multidisciplinaire. L'apparition d'une ostéoporose précoce ou d'un dumping syndrome et le risque de carences en micronutriments sont des pathologies directement liées à la chirurgie bariatrique. En l'absence d'une prise en charge adéquate, elles peuvent devenir invalidantes et mettre à mal le succès de la chirurgie. Nous détaillerons le suivi médical conseillé à long terme des patients après chirurgie bariatrique.


Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Cirurgia Bariátrica/efeitos adversos , Síndrome de Esvaziamento Rápido/etiologia , Humanos , Osteoporose/etiologia , Tempo , Redução de Peso
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