Laparoscopic Nephrectomy for the Management of Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis: Still a Challenging Procedure.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of laparoscopic nephrectomy (LN) in the treatment of patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP). METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records of 17 patients (mean age 60.0 ± 13.3 years) who underwent LN by a single surgeon from 2010 to 2018. Sociodemographic and clinical data including diagnosis, presenting clinical features, surgical management, and postoperative course were analyzed. RESULTS: LN was successfully performed in 15 (88.2%) patients. Two (12.5%) patients with disseminated disease were electively converted to open nephrectomy (ON) due to failure to progress. Two (11.8%) patients experienced intraoperative complications (grades 3b and 4b). Among patients in whom LN was successfully performed (n = 15), the mean operative time was 198.0 ± 107.1 min and was shorter when no intraoperative complications occurred (169.0 ± 48.1 min). Three (20%) of these patients required transfusions and nine (60.0%) required postoperative pelvic drainage (PD). Six (40%) patients experienced postoperative complications: one grade 1, four grade 2, and one grade 5. Mean hospital stay was 4.4 ± 4.3 days, and 3.4 ± 2.2 for those experiencing manageable or no complications. Among patients without postoperative complications (n = 6), mean hospital stay was shorter when no PD was placed (1.6 vs 2.6 days). CONCLUSION: LN is a feasible surgical option in patients with XGP although given the nature of XGP, it is associated with complications-nearly all manageable-which makes it a challenging surgical procedure. Advanced laparoscopic skills and experiences are needed. Dissemination of the disease is associated with the occurrence of more severe complications and conversion to ON. PD placement seems associated with shorter hospital stay.

[Laparoscopic uretero-ureterostomy for iatrogenic lesions of the distal uréter.] / Uretero­ureterostomía laparoscópica en las lesiones iatrogénicas del uréter distal.

OBJECTIVES: The most frequent ureteral lesions are iatrogenic, mainly due to gynecologic and urologic procedures. The resolution and repair of these lesions, when they require surgery, is often the performance of ureteroneocystostomy. We describe the technique for the repair of distal ureter lesions that preserves both anatomy and function of the urinary tract (1). The operation consists in dissection and extraction of the distal ureteral stump from its intramural tract to get at least 1 cm of free ureter, percutaneous insertion of a ureteral stent, checking the absence of tension between proximal ureter and distal dissected stump, end to end anastomosis and reinsertion of the distal ureter in the previously dissected bladder muscle layer. We present 4 cases of ureteral injury after laparoscopic simple total hysterectomy for uterine myomas with complete section of the distal ureter, that were operated 3-5 days after injury, performing laparoscopic repair surgery. We performed clinical and radiological control with intravenous urography demonstrating ureteral continuity normalization and good renal function. We believe that repair of the urinary tract with anatomical and physiological preservation must be the first option in the laparoscopic treatment of complete distal ureteral injuries, and intramural ureter dissection when needed avoids the performance of ureteroneocystostomy. It is necessary to keep progressing in the technique improvement, and to increase the number of cases and experience.

Protocols of analgesia in immediate postoperative period in urological surgery. Evaluation of pain and satisfaction of the patient in their application.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this work was to establish the analgesia protocols for different types of urological surgery and to analyze the impact on pain during the first 24 h after surgery. METHODS: The study included 186 patients undergoing urological surgery between 2011 and 2013. Seven analgesia protocols were established and applied according to the surgical procedure. At 24 h post-surgery, i.e., the initiation of analgesic treatment, patients` pain was evaluated by visual analog scale/numeric scale (VAS/NS), and their degree of satisfaction and nausea were assessed. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 137 males (73.7%) and 49 females (26.3%), with a mean age of 58.5 ± 14.7 yrs. Analgesia protocol 1 was applied in 5.9% of patients, protocol 2 in 17.8%, protocol 3 in 8.6%, protocol 4 in 38.9%, protocol 5 in 13.5%, protocol 6 in 14.6%, and protocol 7 in 0.5%. At 24 h post-surgery, the VAS/NS score was = 3 in 82.3% of patients; hence, only 17.7% required rescue analgesia; 71% of patients were highly satisfied with the treatment provided and 22.6% were satisfied. 6.4% were not satisfied. CONCLUSION: Establishing analgesia protocols according to the type of surgery is a valid and useful measure to control postoperative pain during the first 24 h and to provide appropriate treatment standardization and follow-up.