[Iron deficiency and overload. Implications in oxidative stress and cardiovascular health]. / Deficiencia y sobrecarga de hierro: implicaciones en el estado oxidativo y la salud cardiovascular.

Although iron is an essential mineral for maintaining good health, excessive amounts are toxic. Nowadays, much interest is focused on the mechanisms and regulation of iron metabolism by down-regulation of the hormone hepcidin. The HAMP gene encodes for hepcidin appears to be exceptionally preserved. Disorders of iron metabolism could lead to iron overload, mainly causing the rare disease hereditary hemochromatosis, or on the other hand, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia. Currently, these alterations constitute an important problem of public health. The genetic variation implicated in iron overload and iron deficiency anaemia, involves mutations in several genes such as HFE, TFR2,HAMP, HJV, Tf and TMPRSS6. Iron has the capacity to accept and donate electrons easily and can catalyze reactions of free radicals production. Therefore, iron overload causes lipid peroxidation and increases cardiovascular risk. Recently, a relationship between iron metabolism and insulin resistance and obesity has been described. In contrast, regarding a possible relationship between iron deficiency anaemia and cardiovascular disease, many aspects remain controversial. This review presents an overview of the most recent information concerning iron metabolism, iron bioavailability and iron overload/deficiency related diseases. The relation between iron and cardiovascular risk, in iron overload and in iron deficiency situations, is also examined. Finally, strategies to modify dietary iron bioavailability in order to prevent iron deficiency or alleviate iron overload are suggested.

Deficiencia y sobrecarga de hierro; implicaciones en el estado oxidativo y la salud cardiovascular / Iron deficiency and overload implications in oxidative stress and cardiovascular health

El hierro es un metal esencial para la vida, pero en cantidades elevadas resulta tóxico. La regulación del metabolismo del hierro es actualmente un tema de intensa investigación al haberse descrito el papel clave de la hepcidina, hormona cuyo gen HAMP está muy conservado. Las alteraciones del metabolismo del hierro dan lugar a sobrecarga, destacando la hemocromatosis hereditaria clasificada como enfermedad rara, o en el otro extremo deficiencia de hierro y anemia ferropénica que constituyen un problema de Salud Pública de proporciones mundiales. Las variantes genéticas implicadas en sobrecarga y deficiencia de hierro se han centrado en los genes HFE, TFR2, HAMP, HJV, Tf y TMPRSS6. El hierro tiene la capacidad de ceder o donar electrones con facilidad y puede catalizar reacciones vía radicales libres e incrementar el estrés oxidativo. Así, la peroxidación lipídica y riesgo cardiovascular son consecuencias de la sobrecarga de hierro. Recientemente, se ha descrito también una relación entre el metabolismo del hierro y la resistencia a la insulina y la obesidad. Por el contrario, aún existe gran controversia en cuanto a la relación anemia ferropénica-enfermedad cardiovascular. Esta revisión presenta de forma breve los conocimientos actuales sobre la regulación del metabolismo del hierro, su biodisponibilidad y los trastornos por sobrecarga y deficiencia de hierro, para posteriormente examinar las relaciones existentes entre el hierro y el riesgo cardiovascular, tanto en la deficiencia como en la sobrecarga. Finalmente presenta propuestas para desde la nutrición utilizar estrategias para paliar la sobrecarga o prevenir la anemia por falta de hierro (AU)

Although iron is an essential mineral for maintaining good health, excessive amounts are toxic. Nowadays, much interest is focused on the mechanisms and regulation of iron metabolism by down-regulation of the hormone hepcidin. The HAMP gene encodes for hepcidin appears to be exceptionally preserved. Disorders of iron metabolism could lead to iron overload, mainly causing the rare disease hereditary hemochromatosis, or on the other hand, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia. Currently, these alterations constitute an important problem of public health. The genetic variation implicated in iron overload and iron deficiency anaemia, involves mutations in several genes such as HFE, TFR2,HAMP, HJV, Tf and TMPRSS6. Iron has the capacity to accept and donate electrons easily and can catalyze reactions of free radicals production. Therefore, iron overload causes lipid peroxidation and increases cardiovascular risk. Recently, a relationship between iron metabolism and insulin resistance and obesity has been described. In contrast, regarding a possible relationship between iron deficiency anaemia and cardiovascular disease, many aspects remain controversial. This review presents an overview of the most recent information concerning iron metabolism, iron bioavailability and iron overload/deficiency related diseases. The relation between iron and cardiovascular risk, in iron overload and in iron deficiency situations, is also examined. Finally, strategies to modify dietary iron bioavailability in order to prevent iron deficiency or alleviate iron overload are suggested (AU)