Growth performance and mammary gland development of Holstein calves fed milk with 15% solids and treated with growth promoters.

The objective of this study was to evaluate growth performance, and mammary gland parenchyma (PAR) development in Holstein female calves fed whole milk combined with milk replacer for 15% total solids (15TS) or only milk (11% TS; 11TS). The effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) and an estrogenic implant (EI) on growth performance, serum metabolites, and PAR development in post-weaning calves (63-90 days of age) fed 15TS or 11TS were also investigated. In the first phase, 78 calves were randomly divided into two groups (n = 39/group), 15TS, or 11TS (5 to 8 L/day; starter ad libitum). After weaning, calves were randomly assigned to four treatments, no EI, EI, ZH, and ZH-EI. In phase 1, 15TS calves had greater (P < 0.01) average body weight at weaning than 11TS calves (82.0 ± 5.8 vs. 74.1 ± 5.7 kg). Pre-weaning average daily gain (718 ± 67 vs. 576 ± 64 g/day) was higher (P < 0.01) for 15TS calves than 11TS calves. Feed/gain (1.5 ± 0.3 vs. 1.8 ± 0.3 kg of DMI/kg of gain) was lower (P < 0.01) for 15TS calves than 11TS calves. PAR area (8.8 ± 3.3 vs. 5.0 ± 1.6 cm2) was greater (P < 0.01) for 15TS calves than 11TS calves. No differences (P > 0.10) in average daily gain (986 ± 79 g/day across treatments) were observed in calves receiving ZH, EI, or ZH-EI fed 15TS or 11TS diets previously. However, the PAR area of 15TS calves administered ZH-EI was 2.2 times greater (P < 0.01) than 11TS calves with no ZH and CI. This study demonstrated the benefits of supplying milk with 15% TS for enhancing overall animal growth and PAR development. Further use of ZH and EI during the post-weaning period did improve mammary PAR growth.

Effect of quality of colostrum on health, growth and immunoglobulin G concentration in Holstein calves in a hot environment.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ingestion of pasteurized and subsequently frozen-thawed pooled colostrum (≥50 mg Ig/mL) with different bacterial counts and immunoglobulin concentration (IgC) on the occurrence of diarrhea and pneumonia in 306 neonatal Holstein calves in a hot environment. Calves were assigned to be fed colostrum with total bacterial counts (TBC) lower or greater than 100 000 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL, total coliform counts (TCC) greater or lower than 10 000 cfu/mL, and IgC lower or higher than 85 mg Ig/mL. Calves fed colostrum with TBC ≥100 000 cfu/mL were more likely (risk ratio 1.34, confidence interval 1.05-1.71; P < 0.05) to present pneumonia than calves receiving colostrum with lower TBC (incidence 53.2 vs. 39.8%). Calves fed colostrum with high TCC had increased chances of suffering pneumonia (51.4 vs. 42.1%; P < 0.05) than calves fed colostrum with lower TCC. Calves fed colostrum with ≥85 mg Ig/mL tended to present higher daily weight gain (505 ± 113 vs. 484 ± 126 g; P = 0.09). TBC and TCC in colostrum did not influence the incidence rate of diarrhea. It was concluded that under the conditions of the present study, heavy contamination of on-farm pasteurized frozen-thawed colostrum is seemingly unavoidable and this contamination poses a threat for pneumonia, but not for diarrhea.

Climatic conditions, twining and frequency of milking as factors affecting the risk of fetal losses in high-yielding Holstein cows in a hot environment.

An epidemiological study of risk factors for fetal losses was carried out on 62,403 high-yielding Holstein cows in 29 large highly technified dairy herds in northern Mexico (25° N; 23.5 °C mean annual temperature). Multivariate multiple-group response model indicated that fetal losses between 43 and 260 days of pregnancy were 23 %. Heat-stressed cows at conception (temperature-humidity index, THI >82) were 14 times more likely (P < 0.01) to present fetal losses than not heat-stressed cows (27 vs. 18 %). Heat-stressed cows at 60 days of pregnancy (THI >82) were 4.5 times more likely (P < 0.01) to present fetal losses than cows suffering heat stress in early gestation (29.1 vs. 17.7 %). The proportion of cows experiencing fetal loss was lower for multiparous than primiparous cows (odds ratio; OR = 0.7). Cows with twin pregnancies had significantly increased chances of losing their fetuses than cows with a single fetus (33.6 vs. 20.7 %; P < 0.01). Cows with three milkings per day were 30 % more likely (P < 0.01) to lose their fetuses than cows milked twice daily. Cows calving in winter and spring had significantly increased chances of losing their fetuses than cows calving in summer and fall (30-35 vs. 4-5 %; P < 0.01). It was concluded that, in this particular environment, heat stress exert a great influence on fetal losses in high producing Holstein cows.

Effects of heat stress on reproductive efficiency of high yielding Holstein cows in a hot-arid environment / Efecto del estrés calórico sobre la eficiencia reproductiva de vacas Holstein de alta producción de leche en un ambiente cálido y árido / Efeitos do estresse térmico sobre a eficiência reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras da raça Holandês de alto rendimento em um ambiente quente e árido

Background: high environmental temperature coupled with high humidity can result in reproductive failure in dairy cattle, with a drastic reduction in reproductive efficiency of dairy herds. Objective: to study the effect of high environmental temperature on reproduction performance of Holstein cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) throughout lactation in an arid environment. Methods: reproductive variables (n=18,037 services) from a large dairy herd were evaluated with respect to the maximum temperaturehumidity index (THI) prior to breeding, on the breeding day, and after breeding. The GENMOD procedure of SAS was used to assess the effect of THI and month of breeding on pregnancy by artificial insemination (P/AI). Results: increased THI from ≤ 70 to ≥ 95 units was associated with a decrease in P/AI from 47% to 26%. P/AI for cows inseminated on extremely hot days (THI= 85 to 90) preceded by cooler temperatures was six percent points higher than cows subjected to high temperatures before breeding. P/AI was higher (p<0.05) from January to March (39% to 41%) compared with the rest of the year (27% to 35%). The average number of inseminations per pregnancy was higher (p<0.05) from May to July (3.0 to 3.4) compared to other months (2.1 to 3.0). Conclusions: in this particular hot-arid environment (maximum temperature >38 ºC most of the year, and 230 mm mean annual rainfall), heat stress shortly before or after breeding severely compromises the breeding success of high yielding Holstein cows.

Antecedentes: la asociación entre temperaturas ambientales elevadas y alta humedad conduce a fallas reproductivas, disminuyendo la fertilidad de hatos lecheros. Objetivo: determinar el efecto de temperaturas ambientales elevadas sobre el comportamiento reproductivo de vacas Holstein mantenidas en un ambiente árido y cálido y tratadas con hormona del crecimiento (rbST) durante toda la lactancia. Métodos: las variables reproductivas (n=18037 servicios) de una explotación comercial fueron evaluadas con respecto al máximo índice temperatura humedad (THI) antes, durante y después de la inseminación de las vacas. El procedimiento GENMOD de SAS se utilizó para determinar el efecto del THI y el mes de inseminación sobre las tasas de preñez (P/AI). Resultados: el incremento del THI de ≤ 70 a ≥ 95 unidades se asoció con una disminución en el P/AI de 47% a 26%. El P/AI para las vacas inseminadas en días con un ITH de 85 a 90, pero con temperaturas menos cálidas antes de la inseminación, fue de seis puntos porcentuales más altos (30% vs. 36%) que en las vacas expuestas a ITH más altos antes de la inseminación. El P/AI fue mayor (p<0,05) de enero a marzo (39% a 41%) comparado con el resto de los meses del año (27-35%). El número de servicios por preñez fue mayor (p<0,05) de mayo a julio (3,0 a 3,4) que en los otros meses del año (2,1 a 3,0). Conclusiones: en este ambiente extremadamente caliente (temperaturas máximas > 38 °C la mayor parte del año) y árido (promedio de precipitación anual de 230 mm), el estrés calórico poco antes o después de la inseminación disminuye drásticamente las probabilidades de establecer una gestación en vacas de alta producción de leche.

Antecedentes: a associação entre alta temperatura e umidade no ambiente pode originar problemas reprodutivos, diminuindo o índice de fertilidade dos rebanhos leiteiros. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito da elevada temperatura ambiente sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de vacas da raça Holandês mantidas num ambiente quente e árido, as quais foram tratadas com somatotropina bovina recombinante (rBST) durante toda a lactação. Métodos: as variáveis reprodutivas (n = 18037 serviços) de um rebanho leiteiro foram avaliadas em relação ao máximo índice de temperatura-umidade (THI), antes, durante e depois da inseminação artificial das vacas. O procedimento GENMOD do SAS foi usado para avaliar o efeito do THI e do mês de reprodução sobre as taxas de gestação por inseminação artificial (P/AI). Resultados: o aumento do THI de ≤ 70 para ≥ 95 unidades foi associado com a diminuição no índice P/AI, de 47% a 26%. Em dias com THI de 85 - 90, mas com menor temperatura ambiental antes da inseminação, o índice P/AI foi 6% maior do que nas vacas expostas a superior THI. O índice P/AI foi maior (p<0,05) de janeiro a março (39% a 41%), em comparação aos outros meses do ano (27 a 35%). O número médio de inseminações por prenhez foi superior (p<0,05) de maio a julho (3,0 a 3,4) quando comparado aos outros meses do ano (2,1 a 3,0). Conclusões: em ambiente quente e seco (temperaturas máximas > 38°C a maior parte do ano, média de precipitação anual de 230 mm) o estresse térmico antes e depois da inseminação reduz drasticamente a possibilidade de estabelecer uma gestação em vacas de alta produção de leite.

Factors affecting reproductive performance of white-tailed deer subjected to fixed-time artificial insemination or natural mating.

The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of several factors affecting fawning rate, litter size, litter weight and neonatal fawn mortality in white-tailed deer inseminated either transcervically or by means of laparoscopy. Oestrus synchronisation with a controlled internal drug release (CIDR)-based protocol and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was conducted in 130 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus texanus) during three reproductive seasons (2007-2009; 271 services) in a game-hunting ranch in a hot-arid environment (26°4' N, 101°25' W). Ninety additional non-treated does were exposed to bucks for natural mating. Fawning rate did not differ between AI methods (40.0 vs 45.0% for transcervical and laparoscopic AI, respectively). Overall fawning rate (proportion of all does fawning after FTAI and a subsequent period of buck exposure) did not differ between transcervical (89.5%), laparoscopic (80.3%) or natural (88.9%) insemination. Litter size per fawning doe was higher (P<0.05) in naturally-served does (1.65±0.48) than in transcervically-inseminated does (1.40±0.51) or in laparoscopically-inseminated does (1.48±0.50). The main conclusion was that no enhancement of fawning rate or litter size occurred as a result of intrauterine deposition of semen by laparoscopy compared with the transcervical insemination technique.

Behaviour of crossbred does and their kids at parturition under extensive and intensive conditions.

Data from 82 kiddings from mixed-breed (native x dairy goats) goats reared on rangeland (n = 47) or confinement (n = 35) were used to determine the influence of various factors on length of labour, standing of newborn kids and time to first suckling in pluriparous goats. Both groups were mated at the same time to bucks of the same genotype in February. During the kidding time in July, the goats were monitored for 24 h in order to register parturition traits and kid birth weight and body measurements. For all goats, blood samples were collected at parturition in order to establish the nutritional state of goats. Grazing goats had lower body weight and body condition score (P < 0.01) than pen-fed goats, as well as lower values for some blood metabolites indicative of low body energy reserves. For both grazing and pen-fed goats, the majority of kiddings (>93%) occurred during daylight hours. No kiddings were registered from 2300 to 0500 hours. No effects of height at withers, thoracic circumference and sex of kids at birth were found to influence length of labour. Labour was shorter (P < 0.01) for pen-fed does than grazing goats (10.6 ± 1.18 min vs. 15.4 ± 1.2 min; mean ± SD). The length of parturition was considerably longer (P < 0.05) for twin-bearing does than for single-bearing does (16.6 ± 1.76 min vs. 11.2 ± 0.81 min, respectively). The interval between parturition and standing of kids was shorter (P < 0.05) for kids from litters weighing >3.3 kg (entire litter) than kids from litters with <3.3 kg (22.7 ± 1.82 min vs. 31.1 ± 2.76 min). Time to first suckling was longer (P < 0.05) for kids delivered from pen-fed does than kids from grazing does (57.8 ± 7.57 min vs. 42.9 ± 3.05 min). These results confirm that, independently of type of production system (intensive or extensive), kiddings of does are concentrated during daylight hours. These results also indicate that conformation of kids does not alter duration of labour, and that nutritional stress of goats during gestation (extensive conditions) does not interfere with the neonate's level of alertness and arousal.