A validated analytical method for the determination of perfluorinated compounds in surface-, sea- and sewagewater using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), which are extensively used in a wide variety of applications because of their specific surfactant properties, have recently appeared as an important new class of global environmental pollutants. Quantitative analysis of PFCs in aqueous matrices remains, however, a challenging task. During this study, a new analytical method for the determination of 14 PFCs in surface-, sewage- and seawater was developed and validated. The target analytes were extracted using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-ToF-MS). The use of very narrow mass tolerance windows (< 10 ppm) resulted in a highly selective MS-technique for the detection of PFCs in complex aqueous matrices. Validation of this analytical method in surface-, sewage- and seawater resulted in limits of quantification (LOQs) varying from 2 to 200 ng L⁻¹, satisfying recoveries (92-134%), and good linearity (R²=0.99 for most analytes). Analysis of samples of the North Sea, the Scheldt estuary, and three harbours of the Belgian coastal region led to the detection of four different PFCs. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was found to be the most abundant PFC in levels up to 38.9 ng L⁻¹.

Pesticides in rainwater in Flanders, Belgium: results from the monitoring program 1997-2001.

In 1997 the Flemish Environmental Agency (FEA) started a monitoring program "Pesticides in Rain in Flanders, Belgium". The original purpose of the monitoring program was to examine the possible occurrence of dichlorvos in rainwater and subsequent deposition. However, it was thought necessary from the beginning to monitor a wide range of pesticides. During the first year some 62 pesticides and metabolites and 9 polychlorinated biphenyls, were monitored at 4 locations. Nowadays the monitoring program has grown up to more than 100 pesticides and metabolites and 11 polychlorinated biphenyls examined at 8 different locations. Rainwater is collected continuously and samples are examined for pesticides and PCB's on a weekly basis. In agreement with other European studies pesticides are found in rainwater samples during times of application. Pesticides which are most frequently detected are [small alpha]-, [small beta]-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate, [gamma]-HCH (lindane), dichlorvos, atrazine, diuron, DNOC, glyphosate and AMPA and isoproturon. Furthermore it was seen that most pesticides showed a deposition pattern related to local spraying operations.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rainwater.

A study on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in rainwater was carried out over periods of at least one year at two locations in Belgium with different environments. Maximum amounts and concentrations of PAH were reached during the winter period, mainly due to household heating. This influence was also reflected in the relative proportions of the six PAH measured. For comparable periods the amounts of PAH were almost proportional to the quantity of rain. With the available data, and as most of the rainfall is coming from the same wind direction, it was not feasible to localise possible pollution sources based upon the distribution of PAH over the different windsectors, nor was it possible to identify significant differences for both sampling locations due to their different surroundings, indicating that the rain plays an important role in the transport and distribution of pollutants over a wide area. Between about 100 and 170 micrograms m-2 PAH and 2 to 3 g m-2 of total organic carbon content (TOC) per year were deposited by the rain, corresponding to mean concentrations of about 140 ngl-1 of PAH and 2.9 mgl-1 of TOC.