[Evaluation of implementation effect of schistosomiasis control program in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the actual effect of the schistosomiasis control program in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2015. METHODS: A total of 67 schistosomiasis-endemic counties in 10 cities were selected, and a combination of retrospective investigation and on-site investigation was adopted to collect and record the epidemic data of the counties from 2010 to 2015, and a retrospective survey database of epidemic situation was established. The effects of integrated control strategies with both Oncomelania hupensis snail control and infection source control were evaluated. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2015, 2 465 911 persons who lived in endemic areas were detected for schistosomiasis, with 16 974 positive cases of blood examinations, and 8 positive cases of fecal examinations. Totally 5 145 people with advanced schistosomiasis were treated and 40 460 people with the history of schistosome cercarial-infested water contact received the expanded chemotherapy. A total of 127 636 cattle raised in the endemic areas were detected, and 51 619 cattle (head-times) with the history of cercarial-infested water contact also received the expanded chemotherapy. The area with snails control by molluscicides was 18 604.84 hm2. By the end of 2015, schistosomeinfected snails had not been found and there was no zoological schistosome infection for 5 consecutive years, and in addition, there had been no acute schistosome-infected persons for 6 consecutive years in the whole province. The area with snails dropped to 1 977.18 hm2, with a decreasing rate of 55.24% compared with that in 2010. CONCLUSIONS: After the implementation of the plan for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province (2010-2015), the prevention and control of schistosomiasis has achieved remarkable effects and realized the goal of the plan.

Establishment and operation of schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory in Jiangsu Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To construct the schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory in Jiangsu Province, and to examine the role and diagnostic efficiency of the reference laboratory. Methods A schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory was built in Jiangsu Province according to the requirements of the construction of the national schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory in China. Inter-laboratory comparisons were conducted and the diagnostic capability of grassroots laboratories was evaluated in Jiangsu Province. Results The organization structure, environmental conditions, administration and quality systems of the schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory in Jiangsu Province all met the requirements for construction of the national schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory in China, and the schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory in Jiangsu Province was issued a certificate of a province-level schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory. During the 6 inter-laboratory comparisons performed by national schistosomiasis diagnostic reference centers of China, the qualitative and quantitative results of each detection item were all in agreement with the reference samples (Kappa = 1), and the diagnostic capability was identified excellent. The results of indirect hemagglutination assay of 426 serum samples from 4 grassroots laboratories were re-examined, and the mean coincidence rate was 94.13% (range, 92.08% to 96.25%) with the grassroots laboratories, with a mean Kappa value of 0.85 (range, 0.83 to 0.86) and a mean missing rate of 10.19% (range, 0 to 17.65%). Conclusions The schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory has been successfully established and effectively operated in Jiangsu Province, which plays an active role in improving the capability of schistosomiasis diagnostic equality in the province.

Progress of interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in Jiangsu Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Schistosomiasis was once heavily endemic in Jiangsu Province. Following the control efforts for several decades, schistosomiasis was almost eradicated in all endemic counties in Jiangsu Province in 1980, and transmission control was achieved in the province in 2011. According to the principle of “implementing the control measures with adaptation to local circumstances and guiding the control programs with classified interventions”, an integrated strategy with emphasis on the management of both infectious sources and snails has been recently employed for schitsosomiasis control in Jiangsu Province. In addition, a sensitive and highly effective surveillance system has been built and the application of novel techniques and information construction has been intensified to effectively interrupt the transmission of schistosomiasis in the Province. Transmission interruption of schistosomiasis was achieved in all endemic counties in Jiangsu Province. The paper summarizes the endemic situation of schistosomiasis, progress of schistosomiasis control, and major schistosomiasis control measures implemented during the stage of transmission interruption in Jiangsu Province.

Evaluation of implementation effect of schistosomiasis control program in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2015 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To evaluate the actual effect of the schistosomiasis control program in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2015. Methods A total of 67 schistosomiasis-endemic counties in 10 cities were selected, and a combination of retrospective investigation and on-site investigation was adopted to collect and record the epidemic data of the counties from 2010 to 2015, and a retrospective survey database of epidemic situation was established. The effects of integrated control strategies with both Oncomelania hupensis snail control and infection source control were evaluated. Results From 2010 to 2015, 2 465 911 persons who lived in endemic areas were detected for schistosomiasis, with 16 974 positive cases of blood examinations, and 8 positive cases of fecal examinations. Totally 5 145 people with advanced schistosomiasis were treated and 40 460 people with the history of schistosome cercarial-infested water contact received the expanded chemotherapy. A total of 127 636 cattle raised in the endemic areas were detected, and 51 619 cattle (head-times) with the history of cercarial-infested water contact also received the expanded chemotherapy. The area with snails control by molluscicides was 18 604.84 hm2. By the end of 2015, schistosomeinfected snails had not been found and there was no zoological schistosome infection for 5 consecutive years, and in addition, there had been no acute schistosome-infected persons for 6 consecutive years in the whole province. The area with snails dropped to 1 977.18 hm2, with a decreasing rate of 55.24% compared with that in 2010. Conclusion After the implementation of the plan for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province (2010–2015), the prevention and control of schistosomiasis has achieved remarkable effects and realized the goal of the plan.

Establishment and operation of schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory in Jiangsu Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To construct the schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory in Jiangsu Province, and to examine the role and diagnostic efficiency of the reference laboratory. Methods A schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory was built in Jiangsu Province according to the requirements of the construction of the national schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory in China. Inter-laboratory comparisons were conducted and the diagnostic capability of grassroots laboratories was evaluated in Jiangsu Province. Results The organization structure, environmental conditions, administration and quality systems of the schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory in Jiangsu Province all met the requirements for construction of the national schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory in China, and the schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory in Jiangsu Province was issued a certificate of a province-level schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory. During the 6 inter-laboratory comparisons performed by national schistosomiasis diagnostic reference centers of China, the qualitative and quantitative results of each detection item were all in agreement with the reference samples (Kappa = 1), and the diagnostic capability was identified excellent. The results of indirect hemagglutination assay of 426 serum samples from 4 grassroots laboratories were re-examined, and the mean coincidence rate was 94.13% (range, 92.08% to 96.25%) with the grassroots laboratories, with a mean Kappa value of 0.85 (range, 0.83 to 0.86) and a mean missing rate of 10.19% (range, 0 to 17.65%). Conclusions The schistosomiasis diagnostic reference laboratory has been successfully established and effectively operated in Jiangsu Province, which plays an active role in improving the capability of schistosomiasis diagnostic equality in the province.

Progress of interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in Jiangsu Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Schistosomiasis was once heavily endemic in Jiangsu Province. Following the control efforts for several decades, schistosomiasis was almost eradicated in all endemic counties in Jiangsu Province in 1980, and transmission control was achieved in the province in 2011. According to the principle of “implementing the control measures with adaptation to local circumstances and guiding the control programs with classified interventions”, an integrated strategy with emphasis on the management of both infectious sources and snails has been recently employed for schitsosomiasis control in Jiangsu Province. In addition, a sensitive and highly effective surveillance system has been built and the application of novel techniques and information construction has been intensified to effectively interrupt the transmission of schistosomiasis in the Province. Transmission interruption of schistosomiasis was achieved in all endemic counties in Jiangsu Province. The paper summarizes the endemic situation of schistosomiasis, progress of schistosomiasis control, and major schistosomiasis control measures implemented during the stage of transmission interruption in Jiangsu Province.

[Field molluscicidal effect of water-free formulations of niclosamide ethanolamine salt against Oncomelania hupensis snails in a marshland].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the molluscicidal effects of various water-free formulations of niclosamide ethanolamine salt against Oncomelania hupensis in the field of marshlands along the Yangtze River. METHODS: The river beach with O. hupensis snails were selected as the test field in the marshland along the Yangtze River in Pukou District, Nanjing City. A molluscicidal experiment was carried out by the mechanical dusting method with the dustable powder (DP), powder-granule (PG), granule (GR) of niclosamide ethanolamine salt respectively. The snail mortality, corrected mortality, and the reduced rate of snails' density were parallel compared among DP, PG and GR. RESULTS: On the 3rd day after the dusting, the snail mortality rates were 66.67%, 67.24%, and 66.87% in the DP, PG, and GR groups respectively, on the 7th day after the dusting, the snail mortality rates were 75.36%, 79.73%, and 73.97% in the DP, PG, and GR groups respectively, and there was no significant difference among the groups (χ2 = 0.006, 0.895, both P > 0.05). On the 15th day after the dusting, the snail mortality rates were 86.92%, 72.86%, and 71.43% in the DP, PG, and GR groups respectively, and there was a significant difference among the groups (χ2 = 9.709, P < 0.01). The snail mortality in the DP group was significantly higher than that in the PG, and GR groups. The curves of the snail corrected mortality and reduced rate of snails'density presented steadily rising trends in the DP group, but presented falling trends in the PG and GR groups on the 15th day after the dusting. CONCLUSIONS: The molluscicidal effect of DP is stable and effective in the marshland along the Yangtze River, but the drift of the powder is still not effectively controlled. It is necessary that the different dosage forms are perfected.

Evaluation of implementation effect of schistosomiasis control program in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2015 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To evaluate the actual effect of the schistosomiasis control program in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2015. Methods A total of 67 schistosomiasis-endemic counties in 10 cities were selected, and a combination of retrospective investigation and on-site investigation was adopted to collect and record the epidemic data of the counties from 2010 to 2015, and a retrospective survey database of epidemic situation was established. The effects of integrated control strategies with both Oncomelania hupensis snail control and infection source control were evaluated. Results From 2010 to 2015, 2 465 911 persons who lived in endemic areas were detected for schistosomiasis, with 16 974 positive cases of blood examinations, and 8 positive cases of fecal examinations. Totally 5 145 people with advanced schistosomiasis were treated and 40 460 people with the history of schistosome cercarial-infested water contact received the expanded chemotherapy. A total of 127 636 cattle raised in the endemic areas were detected, and 51 619 cattle (head-times) with the history of cercarial-infested water contact also received the expanded chemotherapy. The area with snails control by molluscicides was 18 604.84 hm2. By the end of 2015, schistosomeinfected snails had not been found and there was no zoological schistosome infection for 5 consecutive years, and in addition, there had been no acute schistosome-infected persons for 6 consecutive years in the whole province. The area with snails dropped to 1 977.18 hm2, with a decreasing rate of 55.24% compared with that in 2010. Conclusion After the implementation of the plan for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province (2010–2015), the prevention and control of schistosomiasis has achieved remarkable effects and realized the goal of the plan.

Field molluscicidal effect of water-free formulations of niclosamide ethanolamine salt against Oncomelania hupensis snails in a marshland / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

To evaluate the molluscicidal effects of various water-free formulations of niclosamide ethanolamine salt against Oncomelania hupensis in the field of marshlands along the Yangtze River.The river beach with O. hupensis snails were selected as the test field in the marshland along the Yangtze River in Pukou District, Nanjing City. A molluscicidal experiment was carried out by the mechanical dusting method with the dustable powder (DP), powder-granule (PG), granule (GR) of niclosamide ethanolamine salt respectively. The snail mortality, corrected mortality, and the reduced rate of snails’ density were parallel compared among DP, PG and GR.On the 3rd day after the dusting, the snail mortality rates were 66.67%, 67.24%, and 66.87% in the DP, PG, and GR groups respectively, on the 7th day after the dusting, the snail mortality rates were 75.36%, 79.73%, and 73.97% in the DP, PG, and GR groups respectively, and there was no significant difference among the groups (χ2 = 0.006, 0.895, both P > 0.05). On the 15th day after the dusting, the snail mortality rates were 86.92%, 72.86%, and 71.43% in the DP, PG, and GR groups respectively, and there was a significant difference among the groups (χ2 = 9.709, P < 0.01). The snail mortality in the DP group was significantly higher than that in the PG, and GR groups. The curves of the snail corrected mortality and reduced rate of snails’density presented steadily rising trends in the DP group, but presented falling trends in the PG and GR groups on the 15th day after the dusting.The molluscicidal effect of DP is stable and effective in the marshland along the Yangtze River, but the drift of the powder is still not effectively controlled. It is necessary that the different dosage forms are perfected.

[Survey of schistosomiasis KAP and influencing factors of behaviors among residents in Jiangsu Province].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the schistosomiasis control knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP), and influencing factors of behaviors among residents in Jiangsu Province, so as to provide the evidence for making effective health education and health promotion models. METHODS: The probability proportionate to size sampling (PPS) and multi-stage sampling methods were adopted to sample the research objects. A questionnaire survey of schistosomiasis control KAP was conducted in the residents of 16 to 69 years old in schistosomiasis endemic areas of Jiangsu Province, and the results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The total awareness rate of the participants was 95.98% for schistosomiasis control knowledge. The correct rates of attitude and practice were 89.06% and 77.43%, respectively. The awareness/correct rates of knowledge, attitude and practice reduced in turns significantly (χ2 =1 282.96, P < 0.01). The knowledge awareness rate of fishermen and boatmen was 90.98%, but their attitude correct rate was only 53.81% ( χ2 =120.52, P < 0.01). The unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that with the education level increasing, their practice correct rate rose, and the participants with the college degree or above had a higher correct rate compared to illeterate ones (OR = 6.411, 95% CI: 4.896-8.395). The practice correct rate of the fisher-men and boatmen was only 5.1% of the rate of the farmers (OR = 0.051, 95% CI: 0.029-0.091). CONCLUSIONS: The total awareness rate of basic knowledge of schistosomiasis prevention and control in the residents of Jiangsu Province has reached the requirements in the "National Schistosomiasis Control Long-term Planning Outline (2004-2015)", but the correct rate of behaviors is low. The education level, occupation and residential areas affect the health behaviors of schistosomiasis prevention and control. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out targeted health promotion activities to promote the formation of healthy lifestyle and behaviors.

[Effect of water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects combined with molluscicide to control Oncomelania hupensis snails in rivers connecting with Yangtze River in Pukou District, Nanjing City].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects combined with molluscicide to control Oncomelania hupensis snails in the rivers connecting with the Yangtze River. METHODS: The water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects of Zhujiashan River, Qili River and Gaowang River were chosen as the study objects in Pukou District, Nanjing City. The data review method and field investigation were used to evaluate the effect of the water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects combined with molluscicide to control O. hupensis snails. RESULTS: After the projects of the water level control and concrete slope protection and mollusciciding were implemented, the snails in the project river sections were completely eliminated. The snail diffusion did not happen in the inland irrigation area too. In the outside of the river beach, though the snails still existed, the snail densities plunged below 1.0 snail per 1.0 m2. CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive measures of the combination of water level control, concrete slope protection and mollusciciding can effectively control and eliminate the snails, and prevent the snails from spreading.

[Study on Oncomelania hupensis snails infected with Schistosoma japonicum miracidia under different conditions in snail-existent non-endemic areas of schistosomiasis in Nantong City].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the forming cause of the Oncomelania hupensis snail-existent non-endemic areas of schistosomiasis (SENEAS), and to verify the conclusion of previous studies, so as to provide the evidence for schistosomiasis monitoring in such areas in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province. METHODS: The controlled field tests were carried out to observe the O. hupensis snails artificially infected by schistosome miracidia in SENEAS. The influence of the soil from SENEAS and the endemic areas on O. hupensis snails artificially infected by miracidia were observed. RESULTS: All the experimental snails could be infected by schistosome miracidia except the smooth-shell snails from Tangyuan Village in the controlled field test environment of SENEAS or the endemic areas. The infection rates of the smooth-shell snails were lower than those of the ribbed-shell snails, but there were no statistically significant differences. The mortality rates of the smooth-shell snails were higher than those of the ribbed - shell snails, which were statistically significant (χ2Xindian = 135.118, χ2Shuangdian = 122.836, χ2Baipu =154.436, χ2Dingyan = 138.288, χ2Control = 151.923, all P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the infection rates of snails between each test group of the soil from SENEAS and the endemic areas (χ2Rugao = 0.071, χ2Rudong = 0.216, both P > 0.05). Also there was no significant difference between each test group and the control group without soil (χ2 = 7.148, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is likely to form the spread of schistosomiasis in SENEAS in Nantong City with sufficient amount of infection source of schistosomiasis imported. It is still necessary to implement the surveillance of schistosomiasis and O. hupensis snails in Nantong City.

[Molluscicidal effect of niclosamide ethanolamine salt powder - granula against Oncomelania hupensis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of niclosamide ethanolamine salt powder-granula (PG) against Oncomelania hupensis. METHODS: The molluscicidal experiment was carried out by the dusting method with niclosamide ethanolamine salt 4% PG. The experiments were respectively done in the laboratory and the tidal flats wetlands. At the same time, the niclosamide ethanolamine salt 4% dustable powder (DP) was as the control group. The single blind method was used for the quality control. The corrected mortality and the median lethal concentration (LC50) were compared between PG and DP in the molluscicidal experiment of the laboratory. The corrected mortality and the reduced rate of snails'density were compared between PG and DP in the tidal flats wetlands. RESULTS: The mortality rates of the snails were 96.67% and 100% respectively on 1 d after dusting 4.0 g/m2 of 4% PG and 2.0 g/m2 of 4% DP in the laboratory. The results showed that the mortality rates of the snails were higher with 4% DP than 4% PG in each dosage (t1 d = 3.60, P < 0.01). The LC50 (s) of 1d, 3 d, 7 d after dusting the molluscicide also showed that the molluscicidal effects of DP were better than PG. The corrected mortality rates were 91.71%, 92.91%, 90.57%, 85.33% and 71.09%, 90.11%, 90.13%, 85.26% on 3 d, 7 d, 15 d, 30 d after dusting with 4% PG and 4% DP, respectively, in the fields. Statistics showed that the mortality rates of snails were higher on 3 d, 7 d after dusting with PG than DP (χ23 d = 731.57, χ27 d = 25.90, P < 0.01), but there were no significant differences between PG and DP on 15d, 30d after dusting (χ215 d = 0.53, χ230 d = 0.01, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 4% PG has both the adsorption of powder and the penetrability of the granules. The molluscicidal effects of 4% PG and 4% DP are almost the same. However, the drift of the powder was still not effectively controlled. This problem need to be further studied.