Enteral nutrition therapy for critically ill adult patients; critical review and algorithm creation.

INTRODUCTION: Undernutrition directly affects critically ill patient's clinical outcome and mortality rates. OBJECTIVE: Interdisciplinar algorithm creation aiming to optimize the enteral nutrition therapy for critically ill adult patients. DATA SOURCE: Pubmed, SciELO, Scholar Google, Web of Science, Scopus, with research of these key words: protocols, enteral nutrition, nutritional support, critical care, undernutrition, fasting. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Uberlándia, MG, Brazil. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Were established in the algorithm a following sequential steps: After a clinical-surgical diagnosis, including the assessment of hemodynamic stability, were requested passage of a feeding tube in post-pyloric position and a drainage tube in gastric position. After hemodynamic stability it should be done the nutritional status diagnosis, calculated nutritional requirements, as well as chosen formulation of enteral feeding. Unless contraindicated, aiming to increase tolerance was started infusion with small volumes (15 ml/h) of a semi-elemental diet, normocaloric, hypolipidic (also hyperproteic, with addition of glutamine). To ensure infusion of the diet, as well as the progressive increase of infusion rates, the patient was monitored for moderate or severe intestinal intolerance. The schedule and infusion rates were respected and diet was not routinely suspended for procedures and diagnostic tests, unless indicated by the medical team. CONCLUSIONS: For nutrition therapy success it is essential routine monitoring and extensive interaction between the professionals involved. Nutritional conducts should be reevaluated and improved, seeking complete and specialized care to the critically ill patients. Adherence to new practices is challenging, though instruments such as protocols and algorithms help making information more accessible and comprehensible.

Estilo de vida e formação médica: impacto sobre o perfil nutricional / Lifestyle and medical education: impact on the nutritional profile

A formação do profissional médico impõe modificações nocivas ao estilo de vida, predispondo ao ganho de peso. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão acerca das prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade e possíveis fatores causais destas taxas em estudantes de Medicina (EM) e médicos residentes (MR). Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados on-line PubMed/Medline (US National Library of Medicine), Scielo e Lilacs, com as palavras-chave: "estudantes de medicina" e "médicos residentes", associadas com cada um dos termos: "índice de massa corporal (IMC)"; "obesidade"; "sobrepeso"; "ingestão alimentar"; "sedentarismo" e "sono", e suas traduções para a língua inglesa. Foram selecionados 31 estudos, dos quais 25 foram realizados com EM, cinco com MR e um com ambas as populações. Dezesseis estudos retrataram altas prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade (taxas de 15% a 83%). Em relação aos fatores associados ao aumento de peso, destacaram-se os hábitos alimentares inadequados. Sonolência excessiva diurna, privação do sono e sedentarismo também foram amplamente identificados. Estes resultados ressaltam a necessidade de desenvolver ações para minimizar os efeitos negativos da rotina imposta pelo processo de formação médica, em especial os aspectos relacionados a excesso de peso.

The training of the medical profession imposes harmful changes to lifestyle, which predisposes to weight gain. The aim of this study was to review the prevalence of overweight and obesity and possible causative factors in these rates in medical students (MS) and residents physicians (RP). We conducted a search of the databases online: PubMed / Medline (U.S. National Library of Medicine), Scielo and Lilacs with the keywords: "medical students" and "residents" associated with each of the terms: "body mass index (BMI)", "obesity", "overweight", "food intake", "sendentarism" and "sleep", and using the translation of these terms for the English language Thirty one studies were selected, where 25 were performed with EM, five with MR and one with both the populations. Sixteen studies indicated high prevalences of overweight and obesity (ranging between 15% and 83%). Regarding factors associated with weight gain, have stand out inadequate food intake. The excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep deprivation and sedentarism were widely identified. These results underscore the need to develop actions to minimize the negative effects of routine imposed by the process of medical training, especially those aspects related to excess weight.

Intestinal permeability and systemic infections in critically ill patients: effect of glutamine.

OBJECTIVE: This article provides a critical review of the evidence indicating that an increase in intestinal permeability is associated with the installation of bacteremia, sepsis, and the multiple organ failure syndrome and that glutamine in pharmacologic doses reduces the acute increase of intestinal permeability and the infection frequency in critically ill patients. DATA SOURCE: All studies published until December 2004 about intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation, and glutamine were located by search of PubMed and Web of Science. The reference lists of review articles and primary publications were also examined to identify references not detected in the computer search. STUDY SELECTION: Clinical and experimental studies investigating the correlation between intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation, and frequency of infections, associated or not with the effect of glutamine administration. DATA EXTRACTION: Information regarding patient population, experimental design, glutamine doses and routes of administration, nutritional therapy prescribed, methods used to assess intestinal permeability, metabolic variables, and the frequency of infections were obtained from the primary literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: Intestinal permeability is increased in critically ill patients. The results have not always been consistent, but the studies whose results support the association between intestinal permeability and systemic infections have had better design and more appropriate controls. The administration of glutamine by the intravenous or oral route and at the doses recommended before or immediately after surgery, burns, or the administration of parenteral nutrition has a protective effect that prevents or reduces the intensity of the increase in intestinal permeability. Glutamine reduces the frequency of systemic infections and may also reduce the translocation of intestinal bacteria and toxins, but this has not been demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: Glutamine administration improves the prognosis of critically ill patients presumably by maintaining the physiologic intestinal barrier and by reducing the frequency of infections.