The individual and combined effects of cigarette smoking and food on resting energy expenditure.

The influence of cigarette smoking and food intake on resting energy expenditure (REE) was investigated. Fifteen smokers were presented, over four days, with cigarette consumption, food consumption, the consumption of both cigarettes and food, and neither cigarettes nor food consumption. Results indicated that both food and cigarette smoking increased REE and food increased REE considerably more than smoking cigarettes (17.1 vs 7.5 percent). The combination of the two was less than additive (24.1 percent). The results may aid in elucidating the mechanisms that contribute to a lowered body weight in smokers.

Metabolic effects of nicotine gum and cigarette smoking: potential implications for postcessation weight gain?

The effects of nicotine chewing gum and cigarettes on resting energy expenditure (REE) were evaluated. Twenty smoking women participated in nicotine gum and smoking administration, after which their REEs were measured. Results indicate an acute increase in REE for both nicotine gum and cigarettes. Metabolic rates for nicotine gum slowly returned to baseline, whereas rates for cigarettes quickly dropped and fell significantly below baseline. Thus, the metabolic effect of nicotine gum was greater than the effect of smoking.