Impact of a Pharmacist-Directed Anticoagulation Service on the Quality and Safety of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Management.

BACKGROUND: The use of anticoagulant medications is complex and prone to error in the inpatient setting. Patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) must receive treatment with alternative anticoagulant agents to ensure optimal patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of an inpatient pharmacist-directed anticoagulation service (PDAS) on the safety and efficiency of direct thrombin inhibitor use in patients with HIT. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental pre/postintervention study comparing patients with HIT managed with usual care to patients managed with a focused inpatient anticoagulation service. The primary endpoints of the study were the percent of time that the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) remained within the therapeutic range and time to achievement of a therapeutic aPTT. Bleeding and appropriateness of warfarin initiation were evaluated as secondary endpoints. RESULTS: A total of 193 patients were included in the study. Percent of time that aPTT was in the therapeutic range was 32% higher with the PDAS (p < 0.001) and time to therapeutic aPTT was shortened by approximately 12.5 hours in patients managed by the PDAS (p < 0.001). There was a trend for more bleeding events, regardless of severity, among control patients (p = 0.130). Rate of TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) major bleeding was lower in the PDAS group (p = 0.006), but there was no significant difference between groups in GUSTO (Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries) moderate/severe bleeding (p = 0.679). Appropriateness of warfarin initiation was also similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a focused inpatient PDAS was associated with improved efficiency of dosing, improved monitoring, and low bleeding risk.

Enhanced photoemission spectroscopy for verification of high-risk i.v. medications.

PURPOSE: The sensitivity and specificity of enhanced photoemission spectroscopy (EPS) for performing an automated final check of compounded i.v. admixtures at a pediatric hospital pharmacy were studied. METHODS: A tabletop EPS device was used to test samples of seven high-risk drug-diluent combinations compounded in the pharmacy; the drugs were vancomycin, lorazepam, morphine, insulin, hydromorphone, gentamicin, and epinephrine. Ten sets of samples were prepared for each drug. Typically, a sample set consisted of dilutions ranging from 10-fold above to 10-fold below the targeted concentration. Testing was performed twice weekly between November 2005 and March 2006. RESULTS: The EPS device detected errors departing from the targeted concentration by 20% or more with a sensitivity of at least 95%. Specificity in distinguishing among test medications at targeted concentrations was 100%. The percentage of passing samples with intermediate concentrations varied among the drugs. CONCLUSION: A tabletop EPS device demonstrated acceptable sensitivity and specificity for validating the identity and concentrations of selected high-risk i.v. medications compounded for pediatric patients. The device may help prevent clinically important medication errors caused by inaccurate compounding.