Traumatic pericardial rupture with secondary cardiac herniation in a dog.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the unique finding and treatment of a dog with cardiac herniation due to traumatic pericardial rupture. CASE SUMMARY: A 6.5-year-old entire male Yorkshire Terrier was presented for further management after being hit by a car. Despite suspected significant intrathoracic trauma at that time, the patient regained hemodynamic stability and had orthopedic surgery to correct a right iliac fracture. The patient was readmitted to the hospital 12 days following the initial visit due to considerable respiratory difficulty after accidentally being dropped several feet. Thoracic radiographs revealed an unusual severe mediastinal shift to the left with an atypical position of the cardiac silhouette against the left lateral thoracic wall. Due to the severe respiratory compromise of the patient and newly developed pneumothorax, an exploratory thoracotomy was recommended, where a complete rupture of the pericardium was identified, with secondary left-sided prolapse of the heart. Other more common intrathoracic injuries (ie, lung perforation, rib fractures) were also identified and partially repaired. The patient recovered successfully and was discharged 4 days postoperatively. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: This is the first case report in the veterinary literature of traumatic pericardial rupture and cardiac herniation. According to human case descriptions, this is a rare and often fatal occurrence, which can be significantly challenging to diagnose preoperatively or antemortem. Emergency veterinary clinicians should be aware of this rare but important complication of blunt thoracic trauma. Surgical intervention may be necessary in cases with suspected or confirmed entrapment of great vessels or cardiac chambers, although these abnormalities were not present in this case.

Rapid resolution of hyperfibrinolysis in dogs with spontaneous hemoperitoneum following surgical control of hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the point prevalence and duration of hyperfibrinolysis (HF) in dogs undergoing surgical control of spontaneous hemoperitoneum (SHP). DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Single veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS: Forty-five client-owned dogs with SHP were screened for HF. Eighteen HF dogs treated surgically were studied. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Dogs with SHP and evidence of shock admitted for surgical control of hemorrhage were screened for HF. Blood samples were collected for PCV, total plasma protein, platelet count, and thromboelastography with 50 U/mL of tissue plasminogen activator at presentation and every 8 hours postoperatively until 72 hours, discharge, or death. HF was defined as a tissue plasminogen activator-activated thromboelastography lysis percentage measured 30 minutes after maximum amplitude (LY30) of ≥20%. LY30 values were compared to a cohort of samples obtained from healthy dogs (n = 22). The point prevalence of HF in all dogs screened was 40% (18/45 dogs), and the mean LY30 at baseline for HF dogs was 48.9% (±24.2%), which was significantly higher than that of control dogs (4.8% ± 7.1%, P < 0.001) and non-HF dogs (1.9% ± 5.7%, P < 0.001). In HF dogs, there was a significant decrease in LY30 between baseline and 8 hours (P < 0.0001) and between 8 and 16 hours (P = 0.035) but no significant change thereafter. LY30 at 8 hours (4%, range: 0%-23.4%) was not statistically different from control dogs (6.5%, range: 1.2%-32.8%, P = 0.664) suggesting early resolution of HF in this population. Only 2 of 18 dogs were persistently hyperfibrinolytic at 24 hours. Malignancy was diagnosed in 12 of 18 dogs (66.6%), while a benign etiology occurred in 6 of 18 dogs (33.3%). All HF dogs survived to discharge. CONCLUSIONS: HF occurs in some dogs with hypovolemic shock due to hemoperitoneum but resolves rapidly following surgical control of bleeding without antifibrinolytic medications. Routine postoperative use of antifibrinolytics in dogs with hemoperitoneum in dogs undergoing surgical control of bleeding may not be warranted.

Demonstrating the importance of local culture and susceptibility data: antibiograms from dogs at a veterinary tertiary care center.

OBJECTIVE: To create antibiograms for commonly cultured organisms in a small animal tertiary care hospital following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines and to compare these local resistance patterns to published first-tier antimicrobial recommendations. SAMPLE: Urine (n = 429), respiratory (41), and skin (75) isolates cultured from dogs between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020, at the Tufts University Foster Hospital for Small Animals. PROCEDURES: MIC and susceptibility interpretations were recorded for multiple sites for 2 years. Sites with greater than 30 isolates for at least 1 organism were included. Urinary, respiratory, and skin antibiograms were created using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints and guidelines. RESULTS: Urinary Escherichia coli had a higher susceptibility percentage for amoxicillin-clavulanate (80% [221/275]) than amoxicillin alone (64% [175/275]). Respiratory E coli were greater than 80% susceptible to only 2 antimicrobials (imipenem, amikacin). Of skin Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates, 40% (30/75) were methicillin-resistant and frequently also displayed resistance to non-beta lactam antimicrobials. Susceptibility to recommended first-line antimicrobials varied and was greatest for gram-negative urinary isolates and lowest for methicillin-resistant S pseudintermedius skin isolates and respiratory E coli. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Local antibiogram creation identified frequent resistance that may preclude the use of guideline-recommended first-line therapy. High levels of resistance identified in methicillin-resistant S pseudintermedius isolates supports growing concern for methicillin-resistant staphylococci in veterinary patients. This project highlights the need for population-specific resistance profiles to be used in conjunction with national guidelines.

Successful treatment of suspect Babesia-induced ARDS in a dog using lung-protective positive-pressure ventilation and neuromuscular blockade.

A mixed breed dog was treated for severe hemolytic anemia secondary to Babesia canis infection. Within 14 hours of hospitalization, the dog developed respiratory distress and hypoxemia. The patient improved with lung-protective mechanical ventilation and neuromuscular blockade. The dog survived to discharge and was reportedly healthy at three-month follow-up.

Parenterally administered vancomycin in 29 dogs and 7 cats (2003-2017).

BACKGROUND: Vancomycin is commonly used to treat resistant bacterial infections in people. Reported adverse effects of vancomycin in people include acute kidney injury (AKI), neutropenia, and systemic allergic reaction. Given the increased incidence of vancomycin-resistant bacterial infections in people, support is growing for restriction of vancomycin. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of intravenous (IV) vancomycin in a university teaching hospital and to describe potential adverse effects. ANIMALS: Twenty-nine dogs and 7 cats. METHODS: Medical records of dogs and cats treated with IV vancomycin at the Foster Hospital for Small Animals between January 2003 and October 2017 were reviewed. Information recorded included signalment, infection source, vancomycin dosing, potential adverse effects, and outcome. RESULTS: Vancomycin was used to treat infections from a range of sources with a variety of dosing intervals. The most common bacterial isolates susceptible to vancomycin included Enterococcus sp. (11/36, 30.6%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (8/36, 22.2%), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (2/36, 5.6%). AKI occurred in 6 of 36 patients (16.7%) during vancomycin treatment but could not definitively be attributed to vancomycin treatment in any patients because of illness severity, additional nephrotoxic treatments, or both. Neutropenia or allergic reaction was not documented in any animal. In 2 of 36 patients (5.6%), susceptibility data documented an infection that was only susceptible to vancomycin. Most patients survived to discharge (25/36, 69.4%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Adverse effects attributable to vancomycin were infrequent in dogs and cats. In most cases, there were potential alternative effective antimicrobials or lack of susceptibility data to support vancomycin treatment.