Consensus Report and Recommendations on the Management of Late-stage Internal Derangement of the Temporomandibular Joint.

Introduction: This report investigates late-stage internal derangement (ID) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with the aim of establishing a more effective and personalized treatment protocol to improve patients' quality of life (QoL). Material and methods: A consensus was reached among maxillofacial surgeons specializing in LSID, based on a literature research and collective expert experience following the Delphi method. Consensus was considered to be achieved when a response received at least 80% of votes. Results: Four expert groups were established, respectively, focusing on diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery (MIS), open surgery and joint replacement. A comprehensive approach to late-stage ID of the TMJ requires a consensus report. This underscores the need for a personalized treatment plan, considering the variability in clinical presentations and progression of this pathology. Our recommendations aim to optimize clinical outcomes and enhance patient QoL.

Molecular and Clinical Implications of Somatostatin Receptor Profile and Somatostatin Analogues Treatment in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) incidence has increased by 50% over the last decade. Unfortunately, surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy are still the mainstream modality of treatment, underscoring the need for alternative therapies. Somatostatin-analogues (SSA) are efficacious and safe treatments for a variety of tumors, but the presence of somatostatin-receptors (SSTs) and pharmacological effects of SSA on OSCC are poorly known. In this study, we demonstrated that SST2 and SST3 levels were significantly higher in OSCC, compared to adjacent healthy control tissues. SST2 expression was associated with less regional metastasis and a lower recurrence rate. Moreover, SST2 was elevated in OSCC and associated with histopathological good prognosis factors, such as high peritumoral inflammation, smaller depth of invasion, and expansive vs. infiltrative front of tumor invasion. Importantly, treatment with different SSA (octreotide, lanreotide, and pasireotide) significantly reduced cell-proliferation in OSCC primary cell cultures. Altogether, this study demonstrated that SST2 is overexpressed in OSCC vs. healthy tissues and could represent a novel prognostic biomarker, since its expression is associated with tumors that show better prognostic factors and less recurrent rate. Moreover, our data unveil clear antitumoral effects of SSAs on OSCC, opening new avenues to explore their potential as targeting therapy to OSCC.

Electromyography assisted application of botulinum toxin in pterygoid musculature for the treatment of masticatory myofascial pain / Aplicación de toxina botulínica en musculatura pterigoidea asistida con electromiografía para tratamiento del dolor miofascial

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin A injection (BTA) in the lateral pterygoid muscles assisted by electromyography (EMG) for the treatment of masticatory myofascial pain (MMP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 31 patients diagnosed of MMP who were treated by infiltration of botulinum toxin A in 1, 2 or 3 times, in the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles by electromyographic control of the puncture site. We assessed the treatment effectiveness in pain intensity decrease by numerical scales (NS) and categorical scales (CS). The impact of pathology on its quality of life, the decrease of demand for analgesic drugs, and the duration of BTA effect and its side effects were also valued. RESULTS: The mean decrease in pain after treatment was 4.9 +/- 2.9 points in NS. A statistical decrease of the pain (p = 0.01) can be shown after treatment. There is no statistical relationship between greater improvement after the administration of a greater number of injections. However, there is a significant improvement in the decrease of the pain in CS (p = 0.028) after the administration of several injections. There is also a significant decrease (p = 0.012) of the use of analgesic medication post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS: EMG assisted pterygoid muscles infiltration of BTA is effective in the treatment of MMP; it improves quality of life and decreases the consumption of health resources

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia de la inyección de toxina botulínica A (TBA) en los músculos pterigoideos guiada por electromiografía (EMG) para el tratamiento del dolor miofascial masticatorio. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo de 31 pacientes diagnosticados de dolor miofascial de origen masticatorio a los que se le administró TBA en los músculos pterigoideos laterales y mediales guiada por EMG. Se evaluó la efectividad por disminución de intensidad del dolor mediante escalas numéricas (EN) y escalas categóricas (EC). Además, se determinó el impacto de esta patología en su calidad de vida, la duración del tratamiento y la disminución de la demanda de analgésicos. RESULTADOS: La disminución media del dolor en la EN tras tratamiento fue de 4,9 +/- 2,9 puntos. Se observó una disminución estadística del dolor (p < 0,01) después del tratamiento. No existe una relación estadística entre una mejoría mayor después de la administración de un mayor número de inyecciones. Sin embargo, hay una mejora significativa en la disminución del dolor en la CS (p = 0,028) después de la administración de varias inyecciones; así como una disminución significativa del uso de medicación analgésica posttratamiento (p = 0,012). CONCLUSIONES: La administración de TBA guiada por EMG en los músculos pterigoideos es eficaz en el tratamiento del dolor miofascial masticatorio, mejor la calidad de vida y se consigue una disminución del consumo de analgésicos postratamiento

Bilateral Parotid Sialadenosis Associated with Long-Standing Bulimia: A Case Report and Literature Review.

PURPOSE: Bulimia is a common cause of sialadenosis. This paper presents a case of bilateral parotid sialadenosis associated with long-standing bulimia, and reviews the relevant literature and current treatment options. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 32-year-old woman had severe bilateral parotid sialomegaly for the last 6 years, which had occurred secondary to bulimia nervosa, which she had since 14 years. Treatment with pilocarpine was unsuccessful, so she underwent bilateral conservative parotidectomy. This procedure not only improved the aesthetic appearance of the patient but also improved her social and work life and overall quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Sialomegaly secondary to bulimia results in a major alteration of the aesthetics of a patient's face. Conservative measures are not enough in many cases, and parotidectomy may be the only viable option, as it can also significantly improve adherence to psychiatric treatment for bulimia, in addition to correcting the facial aesthetics.

Estudio preoperatorio de colgajo peroneo: ecografía doppler color versus angiografía o angio-TC / Pre-operative study of a fibula free flap: Colour flow doppler versus angiography or angio-CT

Objetivo. Valorar el uso de la ecografía doppler color (EDC) en el estudio preoperatorio del colgajo de peroné. Material y métodos. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo de 78 piernas con EDC y angiografía por tomografía computarizada (angio-TC) o arteriografía. Se obtienen y comparan los resultados sobre el flujo y la morfología vascular de cada vaso infrapoplíteo. Se calcula la sensibilidad y especificidad de la EDC con respecto a angio-TC/angiografía y el índice kappa. Resultados. La EDC presentó una especificidad del 100%, una sensibilidad del 77% y un índice kappa del 0,84. Se obtuvieron 3 resultados falsos negativos en la EDC con respecto a la angio-TC, que fueron desestimados para cirugía. Conclusiones. La sensibilidad de la EDC en nuestra serie implica que esta prueba por sí sola no puede sustituir a la angio-TC/arteriografía, a no ser que se combine con una correcta anamnesis y exploración física vascular. El uso de la EDC de manera rutinaria permite identificar alteraciones vasculares que contraindican la elevación del colgajo libre de peroné y evita la necesidad de pruebas radiológicas adicionales (AU)

Aim. To evaluate the use of colour flow doppler (CFD) in the pre-operative study of a fibula flap. Material and methods. A retrospective study was conducted on 78 lower limbs with CFD and angio-CT and/or angiography. The results of arterial flow and vessel morphology of infrapopliteal vessels were obtained and compared. CFD sensitivity, CFD specificity, and kappa index were calculated. Results. CFD showed 100% specificity, 77% sensitivity, and a kappa index of 0.84. Three false negative results of CFD according to angio-CT were excluded from surgery. Conclusions. The CFD sensitivity in our series implies that this test alone cannot replace CT angiography/arteriography, unless it is combined with a correct anamnesis and physical examination. The routine use of the CFD identifies vascular disorders that contraindicate the fibula free flap elevation, avoiding the need for additional radiological tests (AU)

Hematoma intraorbitario secundario a hiperémesis gravídica / Intraorbital hematoma secondary to hyperemesis gravidarum

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Aportaciones de la cirugía guiada por ordenador y navegación en oncología de cabeza y cuello. Una revisión bibliográfica sistemática y actualización / Computer-assisted surgery navigation systems in head and neck oncology. An updated systematic literature review

Introducción. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una revisión y actualización de la literatura sobre la aportación de la planificación quirúrgica y de la navegación en el manejo de la enfermedad oncológica de cabeza y cuello, para valorar y determinar sus aplicaciones actuales. Material y métodos. Se realiza una búsqueda electrónica empleando los términos craniomaxillofacial tumors, head and neck cancer, navigation system, computer-assisted surgery y oral cancer. Resultados. El número de artículos encontrados en la revisión de la literatura ha sido de 16, publicados entre los años 1991 y 2014. Entre ellos no hay ninguna revisión sistemática, hay 5 artículos de revisión, 6 series de casos y 5 casos clínicos. Solo 10 artículos aportan información completa en relación con la enfermedad oncológica manejada con tecnología de navegación quirúrgica. Actualmente las aplicaciones de la navegación en oncología de cabeza y cuello pueden enumerarse en las siguientes áreas: biopsia guiada, resección y reconstrucción de tumores, monitorización del volumen del tumor, control de márgenes de resección quirúrgica basados en TC, RMN o PET y sistema de comunicación interdisciplinar. Conclusiones. Actualmente hay un número escaso de publicaciones sobre las aplicaciones de la navegación quirúrgica en el novedoso ámbito de la oncología de cabeza y cuello. A pesar de la ausencia de revisiones sistemáticas, parece tener un futuro prometedor por la valiosa aportación que hace para el manejo de tumores de cabeza y cuello, como proporcionar precisión anatómica, precisión diagnóstica y seguridad quirúrgica, siendo de gran utilidad en el tratamiento oncológico multidisciplinar (AU)

Introduction. The aim of this paper is to perform an updated review of the literature on surgical planning and navigation in the management of head and neck oncological pathology, and to assess and determine its current applications. Material and methods. An electronic search was conducted using the terms: 'craniomaxillofacial tumors', 'head and neck cancer', 'navigation system', 'computer-assisted surgery', and 'oral cancer'. Results. Sixteen articles have been published between 1991 and 2014. These are 5 reviews, 6 case series, and 5 case reports, but no systematic review. There were 10 articles that provided complete information regarding oncological disease managed with surgical navigation technology. Navigation applications in head and neck oncology can currently be divided into the following categories: guided biopsy, tumor resection and reconstruction, monitoring tumor volume, control of surgical resection margins based on CT, MRI or PET, and interdisciplinary communication network. Conclusions. Currently, there are a limited number of publications on the applications of surgical navigation in the new field of head and neck oncology. Despite the lack of systematic reviews, there seems to be a promising future for the valuable contribution made by navigation to the management of head and neck tumors, by providing anatomic and diagnostic accuracy, and surgical safety. Navigation will show to be of great use in the multidisciplinary cancer treatment (AU)

Indicaciones quirúrgicas de las fracturas orbitarias atendiendo al tamaño del defecto de fractura determinado por tomografía computarizada: una revisión sistemática / Surgical indications of orbital fractures depending on the size of the fault area determined by computed tomography: a systematic review

Introducción. El tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas orbitarias pretende prevenir o tratar complicaciones tales como el enoftalmos, la diplopía o la limitación de los movimientos oculares. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura para cuantificar el área del defecto de paredes orbitarias y el incremento de volumen de la cavidad orbitaria en traumatismos orbitarios que va a determinar la aparición de sintomatología ocular y que, por tanto, indica la reconstrucción quirúrgica. Material y métodos. Se ha realizado una búsqueda electrónica en Medline (PubMed) utilizando los términos: «orbital», «volume», «fracture», «enophthalmos» y «computer». Se seleccionaron aquellos estudios que realizaban mediciones sobre TC, que incluían exclusivamente fracturas de suelo y pared medial de la órbita y que cumplían los criterios de alta calidad metodológica. Resultados. Los distintos estudios determinan que fracturas con áreas de defectos superiores a 1,10-2,00 cm2 así como incrementos de volumen orbitario superiores al 10-15% conducirán a la aparición de enoftalmos. Además, por cada cm3 de incremento de volumen de la cavidad orbitaria, se produce un aumento del enoftalmos entre 0,47 y 0,90 mm. Conclusiones. Según los resultados publicados, estaría indicada la reconstrucción quirúrgica orbitaria ante un defecto superior a 2 cm2, ante un incremento de volumen superior a 1,62 cm3, ante incrementos de volumen orbitario superiores al 10-15% de la cavidad orbitaria o cuando la fractura se localiza en la región más posterior, entre el suelo y la pared medial de la órbita en la llamada «área clave» (AU)

Introduction. Surgical treatment of the orbital fractures is used in an attempt to prevent or treat complications, such as the enophthalmos, double vision, or limitations in ocular movements. The aim of this study is to carry out a systematic review of the literature in order to quantify the fault area in orbital walls. It also aims to increase the volume of the orbital cavity in the orbital traumatism that determines the appearance of ocular symptomatology and that, in turn, may require surgical reconstruction. Material and methods. An electronic search was conducted in Medline (Pub-Med) using the terms: 'orbital', 'volume', 'fracture', 'enophthalmos' and 'computer'. Only these studies that relied on CT measurements, only included fractures of floor and medial wall of the orbit, and fulfilled the criteria for high methodological quality, were selected. Results. Various studies determine that fractures with areas greater than 1.10-2.00 cm2, as well as an increase in orbital volume, will lead to the appearance of enophthalmos in 10-15% of the cases. In addition, for every 1 cm3 increase in the volume of the orbital cavity, the enophthalmos increases between 0.47 mm and 0.90 mm. Conclusions. According to the published results, surgical orbital reconstruction is indicated for faults greater than 2 cm2, with a volume greater than 1.62 cm3, an orbital volume greater than 10-15% of the orbital cavity, or when the fracture is located in the innermost region, between the floor and medial wall of the orbit in the so called 'key area' (AU)

Osteonecrosis de los maxilares asociada a denosumab en una paciente con osteoporosis: un caso clínico / Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with denosumab in a patient with osteoporisis

Desde la comercialización de fármacos que actúan sobre el remodelado óseo se han registrado numerosos casos de osteonecrosis de los maxilares (ONM), pero hasta hace poco solo se habían descrito casos de ONM asociados a la administración de bifosfonatos. Con la introducción de nuevos agentes antirresortivos han aparecido varios casos de ONM asociados a denosumab. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 84 años con osteoporosis, que presentó osteonecrosis mandibular tras la colocación de 6 implantes 5 meses después de la administración de denosumab. Una ortopantomografía y una TC mostraron pérdida ósea de la cresta mandibular y exposición ósea periimplantar. Tras el tratamiento conservador con antibióticos y la suspensión de denosumab, se inició el tratamiento con teriparatida reduciéndose la infección del hueso necrótico y se observó nueva remodelación ósea. La patogénesis de la ONM por denosumab no está claramente definida, pero parece que la tasa del éxito de curación es superior a la ONM por bifosfonatos (AU)

Since the introduction of drugs acting on bone remodeling, numerous cases of drug-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) have been reported. Until recently these cases were exclusively associated with the administration of bisphosphonates. With the introduction of new antiresorptive agents such as denosumab, several cases of ONJ associated with its treatment have been recently reported. The case is presented of an 84 year-old osteoporotic female patient who developed mandibular osteochemonecrosis after the placement of 6 implants five months after the administration of denosumab. A panoramic radiograph and CT, showed mandibular crestal bone loss and peri-implant exposure. Conservative treatment with antibiotics and discontinuing denosumab, and starting treatment with teriparatide, decreased the necrotic bone infection and new bone remodeling could be observed. The pathogenesis of denosumab-induced ONJ is not clearly defined, but it seems that the success rate in healing after drug discontinuation is higher than in bisphosphonates-induced ONJ (AU)

Verrucous carcinoma of the oral mucosa: An epidemiological and follow-up study of patients treated with surgery in 5 last years

INTRODUCTION: Oral Verrucous Carcinoma (OVC) is described apart of the Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) due to its specific properties. The objective of our study is to show our series of cases of OVC and to compare with the SCC in terms of clinical manifestations, epidemiology, histopathology, treatment and follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of all the OVC treated in our department between January-2007 and December-2011. The analyzed variables were sex, age, localization in the oral cavity, histopathology, number of biopsies needed to diagnose OVC, TNM classification, treatment and recurrences during follow-up. RESULTS: Our sample was composed by n=14 patients, 57% female, with a mean age of 69.14 years. The most common localization was buccal mucosa (n=5). Seven patients were diagnosed of OVC with the first biopsy. TNM classification was: pT1: 7 patients, pT2: 3 patients, pT3: 3 patients, pT4: 1 patient. No cervical metastases were observed either in cervical neck dissection or during the follow-up of the patients. The treatment was surgery with clinical resection margins up to 1 cm in all cases, followed by radiotherapy in selected cases. Only n=1 patient (7.69%) presented a recurrence after 34 months of follow-up. The overall survival rate was 92.85%. CONCLUSIONS: In our population, OVC represents the 6.16% of all oral cavity and oropharynx cancer, and is more frequent in female patients above 70 years old. It uses to rise over a previous lesion, and usually affects the buccal mucosa. In patients with high suspicious lesions, more than one biopsy may be needed to diagnose OVC. No patient showed cervical dissemination. In our experience, treatment based on local resection, without cervical neck dissection, could be a good option for these patients (AU)

Verrucous carcinoma of the oral mucosa: an epidemiological and follow-up study of patients treated with surgery in 5 last years.

INTRODUCTION: Oral Verrucous Carcinoma (OVC) is described apart of the Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) due to its specific properties. The objective of our study is to show our series of cases of OVC and to compare with the SCC in terms of clinical manifestations, epidemiology, histopathology, treatment and follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of all the OVC treated in our department between January-2007 and December-2011. The analyzed variables were sex, age, localization in the oral cavity, histopathology, number of biopsies needed to diagnose OVC, TNM classification, treatment and recurrences during follow-up. RESULTS: Our sample was composed by n=14 patients, 57% female, with a mean age of 69.14 years. The most common localization was buccal mucosa (n=5). Seven patients were diagnosed of OVC with the first biopsy. TNM classification was: pT1: 7 patients, pT2: 3 patients, pT3: 3 patients, pT4: 1 patient. No cervical metastases were observed either in cervical neck dissection or during the follow-up of the patients. The treatment was surgery with clinical resection margins up to 1 cm in all cases, followed by radiotherapy in selected cases. Only n=1 patient (7.69%) presented a recurrence after 34 months of follow-up. The overall survival rate was 92.85%. CONCLUSIONS: In our population, OVC represents the 6.16% of all oral cavity and oropharynx cancer, and is more frequent in female patients above 70 years old. It uses to rise over a previous lesion, and usually affects the buccal mucosa. In patients with high suspicious lesions, more than one biopsy may be needed to diagnose OVC. No patient showed cervical dissemination. In our experience, treatment based on local resection, without cervical neck dissection, could be a good option for these patients.

¿Cuál es su diagnóstico? / What would your diagnosis be?

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Fístula arteriovenosa en la neurofibromatosis de tipo I / Arteriovenous fistula in neurofibromatosis type I

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Spheno-orbital meningioma resection and reconstruction: the role of piezosurgery and premolded titanium mesh.

We present the clinical case of a patient with a spheno-orbital meningioma. Literature review of the treatment options, including the application of piezoelectric or ultrasound surgery and orbital reconstruction after meningioma resection, is also presented. Complete resection was performed by means of a frontotemporal craniotomy and an orbitozygomatic approach. Piezoelectric osteotomy was used around the optic nerve canal and the superior orbital fissure to minimize the damage to soft tissues. Orbital wall reconstruction was done using a titanium mesh previously premolded using a skull model. The superior orbital rim was reconstructed with calvarial bone grafts, and the sphenotemporal bone defect was covered with a titanium mesh cranioplasty. Ultrasonic vibrations to perform osteotomies in craniofacial surgery provide an interesting tool to reduce damage to surrounding soft tissues. Reconstruction of the roof and lateral orbital wall with premolded titanium meshes with a skull model is a safe and easy method to achieve a good orbital reconstruction and to avoid secondary sequelae.

Burkitt´s lymphoma: A child´s case presenting in the maxilla. Clinical and radiological aspects

Burkitt´s lymphoma (BL) is a neoplasm which, despite its very aggressive behaviour is potentially curable. It typicallyaffects the paediatric population. BL belongs to the non-Hodgkin lymphomas group, and is the first humantumour undoubtedly related to a viral origin (Epstein-Barr virus). Two main clinical subtypes are recognized:endemic or African type, and sporadic type; HIV associated BL constitutes a third type. Although common inendemic BL, maxillary involvement is rare in sporadic cases. This, together with the clinical lack of specificity associatedto this location, makes diagnosis difficult. New chemotherapeutic protocols achieve a high survival rate.Most important prognostic factors are location and tumour stage. We report a paediatric case of BL presenting inthe maxilla, with a review and a description of the characteristics of the disease (AU)

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Burkitt's lymphoma: a child's case presenting in the maxilla. Clinical and radiological aspects.

Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is a neoplasm which, despite its very aggressive behaviour is potentially curable. It typically affects the paediatric population. BL belongs to the non-Hodgkin lymphomas group, and is the first human tumour undoubtedly related to a viral origin (Epstein-Barr virus). Two main clinical subtypes are recognized: endemic or African type, and sporadic type; HIV associated BL constitutes a third type. Although common in endemic BL, maxillary involvement is rare in sporadic cases. This, together with the clinical lack of specificity associated to this location, makes diagnosis difficult. New chemotherapeutic protocols achieve a high survival rate. Most important prognostic factors are location and tumour stage. We report a paediatric case of BL presenting in the maxilla, with a review and a description of the characteristics of the disease.

Basal cell nevus syndrome: clinical and genetic diagnosis.

INTRODUCTION: Basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), also known as Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, comprises five main pathological features: nevoid basal cell carcinomas, keratocystic odontogenic tumors, congenital skeletal anomalies, calcification of the falx cerebri, and point skin depressions on the palms and/or soles. The disease exhibits a dominant autosomal hereditary trait, with implication of the human homologue of the Drosophila segment polarity Patched (PTCH) gene. BCNS is diagnosed on the basis of clinical and radiological criteria and can be confirmed by genetic study. The patient prognosis is very good, with normal life expectancy in most cases. METHODS: The present study reports two cases of BCNS with the presence of maxillo-mandibular keratocystic odontogenic tumors. RESULTS: One case was diagnosed according to clinical criteria, while the other required genetic confirmation that revealed a germ line mutation in exon 17 (c.2868delC), not previously described in the databases, which was considered to be responsible for the disease.