RESUMO
The impact of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) mRNA expression in bovine whole blood (WB) cultures stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was determined, using the blood from six Holstein dairy cattle in various stages of lactation. Peak production of PGE(2) occurred 24 h after LPS stimulation but did not result in detectable concentrations of thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)). The NSAID indomethacin, aspirin, flunixin meglumine, and 4-[5-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl] benzene sulfonamide (PTPBS; celecoxib analogue), along with dexamethasone, were all equally effective in reducing the concentration of PGE(2) in the bovine WB culture supernatants. Bradykinin exhibited peak supernatant concentrations 1 h after LPS stimulation. Dexamethasone and the NSAID used in this study were equally effective at inhibiting bradykinin production. Peak induction of COX-2 mRNA occurred 3 h post-LPS stimulation. However, neither dexamethasone nor any of the NSAID used in this study altered COX-2 mRNA concentrations. In contrast, aspirin, flunixin meglumine, and PTPBS reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) mRNA concentration. These results demonstrate that bovine blood cells respond to NSAID therapy like other mammalian cells with respect to inhibition of PGE(2) production and suppression of TNF mRNA induction, but do not inhibit induction of COX-2 mRNA.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Bovinos/sangue , Dinoprostona/sangue , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Inflamação/sangue , Animais , Biomarcadores , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
An evaluation of the awareness enhancement device (AED) described by Rapp, Miltenberger, and Long (1998) was conducted with 2 children who engaged in thumb sucking past the age at which it was developmentally appropriate. The AED effectively suppressed thumb sucking for both children. Future research evaluating the AED is discussed.
Assuntos
Conscientização , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/prevenção & controle , Equipamentos e Provisões/normas , Sucção de Dedo/psicologia , Adolescente , Criança , Extinção Psicológica , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
A young child participated in a functional analysis and treatment of hair twirling, a frequently occurring precursor to hair pulling. The functional analysis showed that hair twirling occurred mostly when the child was alone at bedtime. Noncontingent application of mittens decreased hair twirling to near-zero levels in two settings (home and day care).
