Wound colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and hypotheses about acquisition routes in rural health care settings in Sub-Saharan Africa: Perspective from a center devoted to the treatment of cutaneous neglected tropical diseases.

We identified a high prevalence (46.4%) of wound colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients hospitalized in a center devoted to the treatment of cutaneous tropical diseases in Benin. The proportion of MRSA among S aureus isolates was 54.3%. Thirty percent of these MRSA were identified in outpatients. The analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated an important diversity of strains but also identified 8 small clusters containing between 2 and 4 isolates suggesting cross-transmission.

Non-HACEK gram-negative bacilli endocarditis: a multicentre retrospective case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) caused by non-HACEK gram-negative bacilli (GNB) is poorly characterised and may be emerging as a consequence of medical progress. METHODS: We performed an observational retrospective case-control study. Cases were non-HACEK GNB IE, definite or possible (modified Duke criteria), diagnosed in adults between 2007 and 2020 in six French referral hospitals. Two controls were included for each case (IE due to other bacteria, matched by sites and diagnosis date). RESULTS: Non-HACEK GNB were identified in 2.4% (77/3230) of all IE during the study period, with a mean age of 69.2 ± 14.6 years, and a large male predominance (53/77, 69%). Primary pathogens were Escherichia coli (n = 33), Klebsiella sp. (n = 12) and Serratia marcescens (n = 9), including eight (10%) multidrug-resistant GNB. Compared to controls (n = 154: 43% Streptococcus sp., 41% Staphylococcus sp. and 12% Enterococcus sp.), non-HACEK GNB IE were independently associated with intravenous drug use (IVDU, 8% vs. 2%, p = .003), active neoplasia (15% vs. 6%, p = .009), haemodialysis (9% vs. 3%, p = .007) and healthcare-associated IE (36% vs. 18%, p = .002). Urinary tract was the main source of infection (n = 25, 33%) and recent invasive procedures were reported in 29% of cases. Non-HACEK GNB IE were at lower risk of embolism (31% vs. 47%, p = .002). One-year mortality was high (n = 28, 36%). Comorbidities, particularly malignant hemopathy and cirrhosis, were associated with increased risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: Non-HACEK GNB are rarely responsible for IE, mostly as healthcare-associated IE in patients with complex comorbidities (end-stage renal disease, neoplasia), or in IVDUs.

BIOFIRE® Blood Culture IDentification 2 (BCID2) panel for early adaptation of antimicrobial therapy in adult patients with bloodstream infections: a real-life experience.

Our objective was to assess the effectiveness of a multiplex PCR panel for blood culture identification (BCID2) on the implementation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. We conducted a monocentric pre/post study comparing the time to result from direct microscopic examination (DE) to bacterial identification (BI) in positive blood cultures between 2 different periods: P1 without BCID2 and P2 with BCID2. Appropriate treatments prescribed before DE and after DE / BCID2 and after BI / BCID2 were compared using direct proportion comparison and survival analysis. For mono-microbial bloodstream infections, the proportion of appropriate antimicrobial treatment after DE was 50% in P1 vs. 87.5% after BCID2 in P2 (P < 0.001) for Gram-negative bacteria and 33.0% in P1 vs. 64.4% in P2 (P < 0.01) for Gram-positive bacteria. A significant difference (P = 0.04) was recorded with survival curves for Gram positive bacteria. BCID2 seems effective in reducing the time for prescribing appropriate antimicrobials.

Infective endocarditis in pregnant women without intravenous drug use: a multicentre retrospective case series.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical features and outcomes of infective endocarditis (IE) in pregnant women who do not inject drugs. METHODS: A multinational retrospective study was performed at 14 hospitals. All definite IE episodes between January 2000 and April 2021 were included. The main outcomes were maternal mortality and pregnancy-related complications. RESULTS: Twenty-five episodes of IE were included. Median age at IE diagnosis was 33.2 years (IQR 28.3-36.6) and median gestational age was 30 weeks (IQR 16-32). Thirteen (52%) patients had no previously known heart disease. Sixteen (64%) were native IE, 7 (28%) prosthetic and 2 (8%) cardiac implantable electronic device IE. The most common aetiologies were streptococci (n = 10, 40%), staphylococci (n = 5, 20%), HACEK group (n = 3, 12%) and Enterococcus faecalis (n = 3, 12%). Twenty (80%) patients presented at least one IE complication; the most common were heart failure (n = 13, 52%) and symptomatic embolism other than stroke (n = 4, 16%). Twenty-one (84%) patients had surgery indication and surgery was performed when indicated in 19 (90%). There was one maternal death and 16 (64%) patients presented pregnancy-related complications (11 patients ≥1 complication): 3 pregnancy losses, 9 urgent Caesarean sections, 2 emergency Caesarean sections, 1 fetal death, and 11 preterm births. Two patients presented a relapse during a median follow-up of 3.1 years (IQR 0.6-7.4). CONCLUSIONS: Strict medical surveillance of pregnant women with IE is required and must involve a multidisciplinary team including obstetricians and neonatologists. Furthermore, the potential risk of IE during pregnancy should never be underestimated in women with previously known underlying heart disease.

Implementation of point-of-care ultrasonography in an infectious disease ward.

INTRODUCTION: Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) has emerged as an essential supplement to physical examination in many specialties. In contrast, its use by infectious diseases (ID) specialists remains anecdotal. Here, we report on the acquisition of an ultrasonography device in a French ID ward, and we describe its everyday use. METHODS: A preliminary audit was conducted to evaluate the potential impact of the acquisition of an ultrasonography device. A second audit was performed during the first year following the acquisition of the device to quantify its everyday use. We also evaluated the impact of POCUS implementation on medical imaging requests by comparing the number of intra-hospital transports before and after the acquisition. RESULTS: According to the first audit, 81 of the 199 (41%) imaging examinations that were prescribed during a two-month period could have been replaced by POCUS. During the first year following the acquisition of the ultrasonography device, POCUS was performed 240 times by 31 different operators. The operators were a senior physician, an intern, and a medical student in 94 (39%), 135 (57%), and 11 (5%) cases, respectively. The organs most frequently explored were the genito-urinary tract (n=74), the joints (n=35), and the lungs/pleura (n=35). Acquisition of the device was followed by a significant decrease in the number of transports to the ultrasonography room, whereas the total number of transports to the medical imaging ward did not change. CONCLUSION: Opportunities to use POCUS in the ID ward are numerous. POCUS training should be part of the ID specialist's curriculum.

FO-SPR biosensor calibrated with recombinant extracellular vesicles enables specific and sensitive detection directly in complex matrices.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have drawn huge attention for diagnosing myriad of diseases, including cancer. However, the EV detection and analyses procedures often lack much desired sample standardization. To address this, we used well-characterized recombinant EVs (rEVs) for the first time as a biological reference material in developing a fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (FO-SPR) bioassay. In this context, EV binding on the FO-SPR probes was achieved only with EV-specific antibodies (e.g. anti-CD9 and anti-CD63) but not with non-specific anti-IgG. To increase detection sensitivity, we tested six different combinations of EV-specific antibodies in a sandwich bioassay. Calibration curves were generated with two most effective combinations (anti-CD9/Banti-CD81 and anti-CD63/Banti-CD9), resulting in 103 and 104 times higher sensitivity than the EV concentration in human blood plasma from healthy or cancer patients, respectively. Additionally, by using anti-CD63/Banti-CD9, we detected rEVs spiked in cell culture medium and HEK293 endogenous EVs in the same matrix without any prior EV purification or enrichment. Lastly, we selectively captured breast cancer cell EVs spiked in blood plasma using anti-EpCAM antibody on the FO-SPR surface. The obtained results combined with FO-SPR real-time monitoring, fast response time and ease of operation, demonstrate its outstanding potential for EV quantification and analysis.